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Module 9 Units 3—4 单元点拨

2018-01-06吴涛

中学课程辅导·高考版 2018年10期
关键词:原句真题辨析

吴涛

Unit 3

一、重点词汇

1. random adj. 课文原句:These flags are more than just pieces of cloth sewn together at random with thread. 这些旗帜不仅仅是随意用线缝在一起的几块布。(P34,L1)

【点拨】 random adj.“随机的,任意的,胡乱的”;n.“随意”;adv. “胡乱地”,如:

Replace some part of the file with random data. 用随机数据替换该文件的某些部分。

【拓展】 at random“随机,随意”。

介词at构成的词组有:at peace在和平状态中;at a low cost以低成本;at large“在逃,没捉住”;at best“至多,充其量”;at length“详细的”;at ease“无拘无束的”;at intervals“在间歇时间”。

【真题回放】 Bob thought he couldnt go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went    .(2018天津11)

A.at first B. after all

C. above all D. at random

【解析】 B。本题考查词组辨析。at first起初,一开始;after all毕竟,到底,究竟;above all首先,最重要的是;at random随便地,漫无目的地。句意:鮑勃认为他不能参加聚会,因为他得写报告,不过他终究还是去了。根据句意选B。

2. symbolize vt. 课文原句:Red symbolizes the bravery, revolution, strength and blood of the French,which were all needed to change the country.(P34,L11)红色象征着法国人民的勇敢、革命精神、力量和鲜血,所有这些都是改造这个国家所必需的。

【点拨】 symbolize vt. “象征,作为……的象征;代表”,如:

The dove symbolizes peace. 鸽子象征和平。

Pride is symbolized as a peacock. 骄傲是用孔雀来象征的。

【拓展】 symbol n.“象征;标志;符号;记号;代表人物”,如:chemical symbols化学符号

Red is the symbol of revolution. 红色是革命的象征。

【真题回放】 She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful     in last years election.(2014江苏卷27)

A. symbol B. portrait

C. identity D. statue

【解析】 A。本题考查的是名词的词义辨析。symbol象征;标志;符号;记号;代表人物;portrait肖像;identity身份;statue雕像,塑像;句意:虽然两年前就已遭软禁,她在去年的选举中仍然是势力强大的代表人物。故A正确。

3. object vi. 课文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them.(P34,L24)

【点拨】 object vi. “反对,不赞同” n.“物体;目标;宾语”。常见用法:

① the object of “……的目的,……的目标”,如:The object of these experiments was to find the connection, if any, between the two phenomena. 這些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。

② flying objects“飞行物”;falling objects “下坠物体”,如:It was Galileo who discovered the theory of falling objects. 是伽利略发现了自由落体理论。

③ object to sb. / sth.“反对某人/某事”;object to doing sth. “反对做某事”,如:He objected to going shopping. 他不同意去购物。

④ object that clause“以……为理由反对,反对说……”如:Father objected that Tom was too weak to take up the job. 父亲反对说汤姆身体虚弱,不可担任那份工作。

【拓展】 objection n. “反对,异议”;objective adj. “客观的”; n. “目的,目标”。

表示“反对”的动词词组还有:be against; be opposed to; disapprove of

【真题回放】 Considering writers different historical backgrounds, a literary critic should be     in his approach to judging a piece of writing.

A. sufficient B. objective

C. positive D. superior

【解析】 B。本题考查形容词辨析。句意:考虑到作家的不同历史背景,文学批评家应该采用客观的方式来评判一件文学作品。sufficient充足的,objective客观的,positive积极的,superior优越的。根据句意,选B。

4. submit vt. 课文原句:At this, the Americans demanded separation from Britain, and, on 4 July 1776, they declared that they would no longer submit to British rule. (P35,L27) 在这样的境况下,美洲人要求从英国独立,1776年7月4日,美洲人宣布他们不再屈从于英国统治。

【点拨】 submit vt.(1)“使服从;使受到(to)”。如:submit oneself to discipline遵守纪律

(2) “呈送;提交;提出”,如:All important problems must be submitted to the Party committee for discussion.一切重要的问题都必须提交党委讨论。

(3) “认为,以为”,如:I submit that the judge was wrong. 我认为这判决是错误的。

【拓展】 submission n.

“动词+介词to”的词组有:be / get / become used to习惯于;pay attention to注意;stick to坚持;object to反对;contribute to贡献;subscribe to同意,订阅;correspond to与……一致;refer to参考,提及,谈及;turn to sb. for help向某人求助;appeal to吸引,呼吁;apply to申请应用;cater to满足,迎合;adapt to适应;adjust to调整,适应;point to指向;get to到达;add to增添

【真题回放】 He     himself to a search by the guards before entering the government building. (2015苏州期中)

A. objected B. submitted

C. compromised D. identified

【解析】 B。本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:进入政府大楼之前,他很顺从地让保安搜身。object to反对;submit to屈服,顺从;compromise with sb. 向某人妥协;identify辨认,辨别。

5. substitute v. & n. 课文原句:In 1921,..., and the Irish substituted a new flag for the old one.(P37) 1921年,……愛尔兰人用一面新的旗子替代了旧的。

【点拨】 substitute在句中做及物动词“替代,替换”常见用法:

(1) substitute for“对……替换”,如:Nothing could substitute for mothers milk.什么也替换不了母乳。

(2) be no substitute for sth.“对……无法替代”,如:Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.维生素片无法替代健康饮品。

(3) substitute sth. / sb. for sth. / sb.“用……来取代……”,如:Its okay to substitute vegetable oil for butter.用植物油代替黄油也一样。

【拓展】 substitute fabric代用布;substitute fuel替代燃料;diamond substitute钻石替代品; substitute player替补队员;substitute as作为……的替代

【真题回放】 Faced with economic slowdown, some companies are planning to use robots to     human workers to reduce their labour costs. (2016南通一模)

A. compensate B. substitute

C. symbolize D. discriminate

【解析】 B。本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:面临经济下滑,一些公司打算用机器人来取代人工以降低劳力成本费用。compensate弥补;substitute代替;symbolize象征;discriminate区别,歧视。

6. rate n. & v.课文原句:However, after the French and Indian War, the British raised the tax rates in America to a high level in order to pay for the conflict. (P34,L23) 但是,在法英战争之后,英国政府为支付战争费用,大幅度提高了美洲的税率。

【点拨】 rate (1) n. “比率,速度,等级”,如:We have to quicken up our rate of work ahead of time. 为了提前完成工作,我们就得加快工作速度。

(2) v.“评估,划分等级,认为”,如:We rate her performance one of the best weve ever seen. 我们认为她的表演是我们见过的最佳表演之一。

【真题回放】 According to the survey conducted recently, reading books does not     highly among the Chinese as a leisure activity. (2015南通期中)

A. attain B. rate

C. reward D. reflect

【解析】 B。本题考查动词用法。句意:根据最近开展的调查,读书作为一种休闲方式在国人中排名并不高。attain获得;rate划分等级;reward奖赏;reflect反映。根据句意选B。

7. compromise vi. & n. 课文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them. (P34,L24) 当美洲人对此表示反对时,英国人不但没有让步,反而加强了对美洲殖民地的控制,剥夺了美洲人的许多权利,同时在美洲驻军以确保美洲人服从英国统治。

【点拨】 compromise vi. & n. “妥协,折中,和解”,如:He admitted that he was unwilling to compromise.他坦诚他不愿意让步。Compromise makes for success in negotiations.妥协有助于谈判的成功。

【拓展】 reach / arrive at / come to a compromise on...“就……达成妥协”;make a compromise / compromises with“与……妥协”;compromise with sb. on / over / about sth.“与某人就某事和解”;compromise between...and...“在……和……之间妥协”,如:We can make some concession on minor details, but we cant compromise on fundamentals. 在一些细节上我们可以做些让步,但在基本原则上我们是不会妥协的。

【真题回放】 Its really important for parents to reach a     between what they want and what their kids desire. (2014苏州模拟)

A. communication B. conclusion

C. compromise D. consensus

【解析】 C。本题考查名词词义辨析。句意:父母在自己所要求的和孩子的愿望之间取得折中非常重要。reach a compromise between...and...在……和……之间妥协;communication交流;conclusion结论;consensus共识。

8. bound adj.课文原句:If you expect different places to have the same food as you are accustomed to at home, then you are bound to be disappointed.(P41)如果你期望在不同的地方能够吃到在家里习惯了的食物,那么你一定会很失望。

【点拨】 bound在句中是形容词,(1) “一定会,很可能会”,如:Just wars are bound to triumph over wars of aggression. 正义战争必然要战胜侵略战争。

(2) “被束缚”,如:bound by ice冰封的

(3) “有义务的”,如:be bound to carry out the plan有执行这个计划的义务

(4) “装订的”,如:a bound volume of China Daily 《中国日报》合订本

【拓展】 常用词组:be bound up with与……有密切关系;be bound up in忙于,热心于;be bound to do sth. 一定会……;be bound (by sth.) to do sth. 被某事所束縛去做某事

【真题回放】 Children are     to meet with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents dont have to worry about it. (2014泰州模拟)

A. consistent B. arbitrary

C. fragile D. bound

【解析】 D。本题考查形容词词义辨析。句意:孩子在成长的过程中注定会遇到挫折,所以父母不必担心。consistent一致的;arbitrary独断专行的;fragile易碎的;bound注定,必定。

9. so conj. 课文原句:It is the most common colour in nature, so it is often used to represent natural growth, the environment and ecology. (P46,L29)它是自然界中最常见的颜色,因此常被用来代表自然生长、环境和生态。

【点拨】 so (1) adv. (表示方式、方法、情况等) “这样,那样”,如:Is that so?是那样的吗?

(代替上下文的形容词、名词或动词)“同样,也;对,不错”,如:

—Its warmer today. —So it is.

——今天暖一些了。——是的。

[口语] “非常,极,很”,如:Im so glad that youve come! 你来了,我真太高兴了!

(2) conj.“因此,所以,结果是”;“为的是,以便,使得(=so that)”,如:

It was late, so we went home.天晚了,所以我们就回家去了。

Speak clearly, so they may understand you. 说得清楚些,使得他们听懂你的意思。

(3) pron. (用作expect, hope, say一类动词的宾语)“这样,如此”,如:I expect so. 我看是这样。

(用在or后)“左右,上下”,如:I read only a page or so. 我只看了一页左右。

【拓展】 常用词组:and so on等等;so as to为的是;so long as只要;so that结果是;so...that...如此……以致……;So long! [口语]再见!So what? [口语]那又怎么样呢?

【真题回放】 —Peter, please send us postcards     well know where you have visited.

—No problem.(2017北京卷22)

A. but B. or

C. for  D. so

【解析】 D。考查连词。上半句句意:Peter,请给我们寄明信片,以便我们知道你去哪游览过。前后因果关系,用so。

二、短语、句型和语法

1. 课文原句:Before the Revolution, there had been great unrest in France because people had no freedom and were suffering from hunger.(P34,L5)在大革命前,法国社会极为动荡不安,因为法国人民没有自由而且饱受饥饿折磨。

【点拨】 because引导原因状语从句。状语从句用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等意思。不同的状语从句用不同的从属连词或词组来引导。状语从句通常放在主句后面;但除结果、方式和比较状语从句外,大多数状语从句也可放在主句之前,此时,一般用逗号与主句隔开。

【真题回放】 Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend     they get sweet enough to be eaten.(2018天津4)

A. ever since B. as if

C. even though D. so that

【解析】 D。句意:咱们到本周末摘这些桃子,这样吃起来会很甜。ever since引导时间状语从句;as if引导方式状语从句;even though引导让步状语从句;so that引导目的或结果状语从句。根据句意选D。

2. 课文原句:The flag, which is made up of a red band over a white one, is based on a national flag dating back to the 13th century that had nine red and white stripes.(P35,L39)這面国旗由上红下白的两条彩条组成,是以13世纪的九道红白条的印尼国旗为基础。

【点拨】 date back to“始于,追溯到”,如:

In China the needle treatment dates back to ancient times.在我国,针刺疗法从古代就有了。

【拓展】 date back to=date from常用于一般现在时,只用于主动语态。作定语时用其-ing形式。

有关from的短语还有:differ from和……不同;arise from由……引起;result from由……引起;range from从……变化到;suffer from忍受……折磨。这些词组都不用被动语态,做定语或状语时,用-ing形式。

【真题回放】 An ancient temple     back to the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed in flames last month,     concerns about the effective protection of cultural remains.(2015泰州一模)

A. dating; causing B. dating; caused

C. dated; causing D. dated; caused

【解析】 A。本题考查非谓语动词。句意:追溯到北齐朝代的古庙上个月被大火烧毁,引起了人们对文化遗址有效保护的担忧。date back to作定语修饰an ancient temple,B表示主动关系,用-ing形式;cause concerns about表示结果状语,也用-ing形式。选A正确。

Unit 4

一、重點词汇

1. strike vt. 课文原句:In the dream, a stone flew at the statue and struck it on the feet.(P50,L20)在梦中,一块石头飞向塑像,砸在了它的脚上。

【点拨】 strike (struck, struck) vt. “打,击,撞;侵袭,袭击;给……印象;(光) 照在……上”,如:

He was struck by a heavy blow. 他受到重重的一击。

Sun strikes him, warming him sleepy. 太阳照在他身上,暖洋洋的令其昏昏欲睡。

His car directly struck a tree. 他的汽车一头撞到了树上。

He quickly struck a match to light her cigarette. 他匆忙擦了一根火柴为她点燃了香烟。

【拓展】 strike n. & v.“罢工”。常用短语:go on strike“举行罢工”;be on strike“在罢工”;vi. 敲几点钟;固定表达法:It strikes sb. that...=It occurs to sb. that...“某人突然想起……”,如:

It strikes me that he is hard to deal with. 在我看来,他可是个难以对付的家伙。

The workers went on strike for higher wages. 工人们举行了罢工要求增加工资。

【真题回放】 I heard the clock     eight when I woke up this morning. (2014南通暑期检测)

A.beating B. striking

C. hitting D. knocking

【解析】 B。本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:当我早上醒来的时候8点的钟声正好敲响。beat反复击打,打败;strike钟敲几点;hit打,撞击;knock敲门,撞上。

2. deliver vt. 课文原句:He also has twelve reindeer that help him deliver presents on Christmas Eve.(P58)

【点拨】 deliver vt. / vi.“递送;投递(信件、货物等);发表/发布演讲;接生”,如:

Can I deliver the file by express?我可以用快递寄送这份文件吗?

The Canadians plan to deliver more food to southern Somalia. 加拿大计划向索马里南部运送更多的食物。

【拓展】 deliver a speech发表演讲;deliver a judgment宣判;deliver a warning发布警报;deliver sb. to sb. 把某人移交给某人

delivery n. “投递,生产”,如:on delivery “在投递中”;delivery room “产房”;free delivery to door “免费送货上门”。

如:He delivered a speech about economic development. 他作了关于经济发展的报告。

Smith had betrayed him and delivered him to the enemy. 史密斯背叛了他,并把他交给了敌人。

【真题回放】 In some countries, it is required by law that all tobacco products     a health warning.

A. carry B. deliver

C. hold D. print

【解析】 A。本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:在一些国家,法律要求烟草制品上必须携带有健康警示。carry携带,传递;deliver投递,发表演讲;hold举行,容纳,抓住;print印刷。

二、短语、句型和语法

1. 课文原句:In other words, its meaning can be very different from the apparent meanings of its components. (P50,L3) 换言之,习语的含义与其组成单词的字面意思可能完全不同。

【点拨】 in other words“换言之,也就是说”,如:In other words, our aim is to avoid losing. 也就是说,我们的目标是要避免失败。

【拓展】 in a word总之,一句话,简言之;find the words用恰当的语言表达;keep ones word信守诺言;word for word逐字逐句;have a word with sb.与某人交谈;have words with sb.与某人吵架;be at a loss for words说不出话来;word of mouth口口相传,口碑;pick ones words斟字酌句;break ones words食言

2. 课文原句:The proverb ‘dont count your chickens until theyre hatched means ‘dont count on something going well until it happens.(P57)“蛋尚未孵出,勿先数蛋”意思为“别高兴得太早”。

【点拨】 count on / upon“依靠,依赖;期待,指望”,如:count on self-reliance依靠自力更生

【拓展】 count v.“重要,列入总数,包括”;beyond count“不计其数”;count for little“简直无足轻重”;count for much“关系重大”;count for nothing“毫无价值”;count against sb.“认为对某人不利”;count down“倒计时”;count...in“把……计算在内”;count...out“把……排除在外”,如:Every second counts. 分秒必争。

【真题回放】 The whole team     Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. (2015江苏卷29)

A. wait on  B. focus on

C. count on  D. call on

【解析】 C。考查动词短语辨析。句意:全队都依赖克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多,他很少让大家失望的。wait on伺候;focus on专注于;count on依靠;call on号召,拜访。

3. 课文原句:The officials travelled westwards to Central Asia and arrived in what is today Afghanistan. (P62,L12)官员们西行到中亚,到达了今天叫阿富汗的地方。

【点拨】 arrive in后面接的是宾语从句,从句中缺少主语用what。

【拓展】 在名词性从句中,从句缺少主语或宾语时用what;不缺少任何句子成分用that(可省略);有不确定的含义用whether;从句中缺少状语时用when, where, why, how,且句子多含有疑問的含义。介词宾语从句不能用if引导。

【真题回放】 We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of     it used to charge.(2017江苏卷26)

A. that B. which

C. what D. how

【解析】 C。考查同位语和宾语从句。“half of     it used to charge”是$20的同位语,即原来价格的一半是现在的$20;另外,of后跟名词或名词短语构成介宾短语,所以,这里是宾语从句;宾语从句中的charge后面缺少宾语,所以用what来引导宾语从句,并充当宾语从句的宾语,故选C。

4. 课文原句:On both sides of the courtyard are a number of different halls for praying and chanting, receiving guests and rooms where the monks live. (P63,L34) 庭院两旁有许多供祈祷、颂经和接待香客的各种殿堂,还有僧人居住的地方。

课文原句:In the south-east corner towers the Qiyun Pagoda, a 13-storey building, which is the first know Buddhist pagoda in China. (P63,L36) 在东南角矗立着齐云塔,塔高13层,是所知的中国第一座佛塔。

【点拨】 这两句为倒装句。句首状语是表地点的介词短语或表方向的副词 (here, there, up, down, now, then, in, out, off, away) 时完全倒装。但主语如果为人称代词时,则不倒装。如:

Here comes the bus. 汽车开过来了。

Here you are. 给你。

【拓展】 引起部分倒装的情况:(1) so, nor, neither位于句首,且表示“也或也不”之意时;(2) 虚拟语气中if省略;(3) 否定词作状语位于句首;(4) not until, not only位于句首;(5) only + 状语位于句首;(6) 在so...that, such...that等结构中,so, such部分位于句首。

【真题回放】 Not until recently     the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas. (2016江苏卷34)

A. they had encouraged

B. had they encouraged

C. did they encourage

D. they encouraged

【解析】 C。该题考查部分倒装。句意:直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区开展与旅游业有关的活动。时态应该考虑现在完成时和一般过去时。故C正确。

5. 课文原句:This new pagoda, completed in 2010, represents the friendship between the two countries and reminds people that it was from India that Buddhism came to China two thousand years ago.(P63,L52) 這座新塔于2010年完工,代表了两国人民之间的友谊,并提醒人们两千多年前佛教正是从印度传到了中国。

【点拨】 强调句型结构为:(1) it+is(was)+被强调部分+that+句子其他成分。强调句可用于除谓语动词外的句子成分,如主语、宾语、宾补、状语等。当被强调的主语为指人的名词或代词时,句中的that可改为who,其他情况只能用that。(2)强调句还可用于强调某些状语从句,主要是时间状语从句(尤其是until从句)和由because引导的原因状语从句。

【真题回放】 It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house     we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津14)

A. which B. that

C. when D. where

【解析】 B。句意:只是当车子停在我们家前面时我们才发现莉莉坐在乘客位置上。该句强调时间状语从句,所以选B。该句=We saw Lily in the passenger seat only when the car pulled up in front of our house. = Only when the car pulled up in front of our house did we see Lily in the passenger seat.

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