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同位语用法小结、长句分析

2018-01-06吉静

中学课程辅导·高考版 2018年10期
关键词:同位语省略定语

吉静

一、同位语用法小结

一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它解释说明的词的格式要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。

Such is my hometown, a modern city.

a modern city是my hometown的同位语。

用法1

什么词可以做同位语?

名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、同位语从句。

Kate, my young sister, is fond of classical music. (名词my young sister作同位语)

He has set a good example to us all. (代词all作同位语)

You are the most diligent among us five. (数词five作同位语)

My hobbies, jogging and swimming, are of great benefit to my health. (动名词jogging and swimming作同位语)

Your dream, to be a pilot, will come true. (不定式to be a pilot作同位语)

The news that our team had won the final made us excited and proud. (that引导的从句作同位语)

用法2

如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗号隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗号隔开。

Mike told me that his sister Mary is a world-famous actress.

(Mary单一的词作同位语,与其同位成分his sister之间不用逗号隔开。)

The other day I came across my former maths teacher, Miss Green.

(同位语Miss Green补充解释my former maths teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗号隔开。)

用法3

同位语既可以表示其同位成分的全部意义,也可以表示部分意义。

We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

She is keen on sports, especially ball games.

用法4 同位语从句

在主从复合句中,通常跟在某些抽象名词的后面,对该名词起解释说明作用的从句称为同位语从句。抽象名词常见的有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等。

1.同位语从句的位置

通常情况下,同位语从句跟在抽象名词的后面。但如果同位语从句大大长于整个谓语,为了保持句子结构的平衡,避免头重脚轻,可将同位语从句放到谓语的后面,这种同位语从句称为分隔式同位语从句。

There is no doubt that he will pass the exam. 毫无疑问,他会通过考试。

An idea suddenly occurred to Jenny that she could buy Mum a watch for her birthday present. Jenny突然想到她可以买块手表送给妈妈作生日礼物。

高考链接

There is clear evidence                 the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. (2011上海卷)

A. what      B. if

C. how       D. that

【答案】 D。

【分析】 本题考查同位语从句,从句中不缺成分不含疑问,因此选that引导同位语从句解释说明evidence的具体内容。

Evidence has been found through years of study                childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. (2012重慶卷)

A. why      B. how

C. whether      D. that

【答案】 D。

【分析】 本题考查分隔式同位语从句。根据句意,从句位于谓语部分后面,解释说明evidence的具体内容,从句中不缺成分不含疑问,因此选that引导同位语从句。

2.同位语从句引导词的选择

同位语从句解释说明某些抽象名词的具体内容,当从句不缺成分不含疑问时,用that引导。而当从句含有疑问时,则应选择相应意义的连接词。

The fact has worried many scientists that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. 地球這些年一直在变暖,这事实让许多科学家担忧。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。

高考链接

The notice came around two in the afternoon                 the meeting would be postponed. (2012江苏)

A. when       B. that

C. whether      D. how

【答案】 B。

【分析】 本题考查同位语从句,从句中不缺成分不含疑问,因此选that引导同位语从句解释说明notice的具体内容。

—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?

—Yeah, but I have no idea                   he did it; thats one of his favorite universities. (2014重庆)

A. when      B. why

C. that        D. how

【答案】 B。

【分析】 本题考查同位语从句,根据句意,我不知道他为什么这么做,因此选why引导同位语从句。

3.同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别

同位语从句解释说明抽象名词的具体内容,定语从句是对先行词进行修饰限定。

The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good. 学生应该多锻炼这个建议很好。(that引导的从句解释说明了suggestion的具体内容,是同位语从句)

The suggestion that he raised at the meeting is very good. 他在会议上提出的建议很好。

(that引导的从句对先行词suggestion进行修饰限定,是定语从句,that指代先行词suggestion在定语从句中作raised的宾语)

在同位语从句中,that在从句中不充当任何成分,只起到连接主从句的作用,但不可省略。在定语从句中,that指代先行词,在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语或表语),作宾语时that可以省略。

二、长句分析

一个句子之所以长,除了在一个简单句中加了许多修饰成分之外,还有可能是长出了枝干,即加了从句,或者是由连词或平衡结构把若干简单句合并在了一起。无论是哪种句式,我们都要化繁为简,看懂句子。长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构,其他成分都是围绕这三个主要成分做的增补,这是所有长难句的核心和本质,必须牢记。

1. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad tables,” given that they are profitable. 可以得出结论,经营餐馆的人不必要为位置不好的餐桌而过分担忧,鉴于这些餐桌是能盈利的。

在这个句子中,it是形式主语,that引导的主语从句是真正的主语,且从句中包含given that引导的状语从句,为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻,将主语从句放置句末。

高考链接

It is often the case                  anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. (2016江苏卷)

A. why   B. what

C. as   D. that

【答案】 D。

【分析】 本题考查主语从句。句首的it是形式主语,真正的主语是由that引导的从句位于句末,从句意思是“对于那些坚守希望的人而言,一切皆有可能”,不缺成分,不含疑问,所以用that引导。

2. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California. 这使那些小规模经营的农民一小时能收获175磅绿色蔬菜——相对于手工每小时收获几十磅而言是个很大的改善——突然之间让那些小规模经营的农民能和加州的大农场去竞争。

在这个句子中,It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour是完整的句子,suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms in California是现在分词短语作结果状语,表达自然而然,必然的结果。句中的a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand是对前面每小时收获175磅绿色蔬菜的补充说明。

高考链接

The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment,           more patients to be treated. (2017天津卷)

A. being allowed   B. allowing

C. having allowed   D. allowed

【答案】 B。

【分析】 本题考查现在分词短语作结果状语。“允许更多的病人能够接受治疗”是“最近这家医院引进新的治疗设备”的自然而言,必然的结果。

3. Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”. Miss Longfield警告说,一代孩子有风险会这样地成长,他们因为效仿社交平台上不切实际的生活方式而担忧自己的外表和形象,由于社交平台持续不断的需求,他们日益担心失去别人的关注。

本句之所以长,是因为有复合句。warned后面是that引导的宾语从句,worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms和increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media是由and连接的两个并列成分。句中lifestyle和they紧紧靠在一起,指的不是同一个人或物,从they开始往后是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句,对lifestyles进行修饰限定。

高考链接

The little problems                 we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

A. that    B. as

C. where   D. when

【答案】 A。

【分析】 本題考查定语从句。主句为The little problems may be inspirations for great inventions,先行词the little problems 在定语从句中作meet的宾语,所以选that / which引导定语从句,且可以省略。

4. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables, crowding, high prices—dont necessarily. 与此同时,那些你觉得会削减消费的东西——位置不好的餐桌,拥挤,价格高——未必就会削减消费。

本句是一个省略句,句末补全了应是dont necessarily discourage spending。当碰到省略句时,我们要结合上下文,将句子补全,否则会影响句子的理解。

高考链接

The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely,                    , reaching 30℃ in summer. (2014福建卷)

A. if not    B. if ever

C. if any    D. if so

【答案】 B。

【分析】 本题考查省略。结合句意,将省略部分补全应是if the temperature has ever reached 30℃ in summer,所以选B。

5. As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves. 她说,随着孩子世界的不断扩大,他们会以一种方式在网上比较自己和他人,而这种方式会对他们的自我认同,信心和自我发展的能力有相当大的破坏性。

本句中,句首的as引导状语从句,that引导定语从句对先行词way进行修饰限定,三个in terms of...的短语则表明这种方式在哪些方面是有很大破坏性的。

在定语从句中,当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,用that / in which或省略引导定语从句;但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,则用that / which引导定语从句,作宾语时,引导词可以省略。

It was not what he said but the way (that / in which) he said it that made me annoyed. 我恼怒的不是他说的话,而是他说这件事的方式。 (way在定语从句中作方式状语)

The way (that / which) he suggested was reasonable. 他建议的方式是合理的。 (way在定语从句中作suggested的宾语)

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