关键词：汉语史；先秦时期；形容詞；反义并列词语；成词

摘要：根据成词标准，先秦时期成词的形容词性反义并列词语有四个：长短、大小、高下、轻重。对先秦20部口语性强、具有典型性、能够代表当时语言面貌的文献中这四个词语的出现情况加以考证，可以发现，这四个反义并列词语都是成词之后表示度量之义的反义并列词语。其能够成词，原因有二：一是在上下文中出现的位置上与“度”“量”等词或表示程度、数量的词语搭配时，容易成词；二是未成词的意义消失了其作为形容词所表现出来的特征，而只保留所形容的事物，变成表示度量之义时，容易成词。而限制成词的因素也有两个：上下文中出现x和y单用的情况；与其他反义并列词语对举出现。

中图分类号：H136.2

文献标志码：A文章编号：1009-4474（2017）04-0044-08

The Law of Forming Adjective Antisense Parallel Phrases into Words in preQin Dynasties

ZHAO Mingxiu

（Faculty of Humanities and Social Science， Beijing Language and Culture University， Beijing 100083， China）

Key words： history of Chinese language； preQin dynasties； adjective； antisense parallel phrase； forming of words

Abstract： Following the rules of word formation， four adjective antisense parallel phrases formed into words in preQin dynasties： “Chang Duan （longshort）” “Da Xiao （bigsmall）” “Gao Xia （highlow）” “Qing Zhong （lightheavy）”. After researching the appearing situation of the four words in 20 literal texts in preQin dynasties which are more oralbiased and typical of the contemporaneity of the language of that time， it is found that the four adjective antisense parallel phrases all express the meaning of measurement when they became words. There are two reasons for this： a. in the context， they are in collocation with words as “Du” “Liang” （measurement）， or words that have the meaning of quantity；b. the meaning of the original adjectival features remain only as the things they formerly described， and they would not become words only if they described measurement. The factors that set limits to becoming word are that in the context， the two words x and y are also used independently， in contrast to other antisense parallel phrases.

一、引言

反义并列词语指意义相反或相对的两个成分并列组合在一起的词或短语。之所以会用“词语”，是因为要探讨由短语到成词的过程，用“词语”可以概括这个过程的两端：短语和词。反义并列词语用xy表示，形容词性反义并列词语的x和y均为形容词。划定形容词的依据是x和y的本义或基本义的语法功能。

短语与词的划分历来众说纷纭，目前学界比较认可的标准是：复音组合结合紧密，各成分的意义融合在新的整体意义中，形成一个概括的意义①。但这个新的概括意义也有可能是各成分的相加，张博提出“同素异义型多义词”，即“在构词语素之一或全部具有多义性的情况下，多义语素可在不同意义上分别与另一语素组合，使复合词产生多个义项”〔1〕。……