黄卫星+张玉能

[摘 要]“家”字的形義及其演变显示，其本义似应为“住所”。从历史上来看，古代的“家”“家庭”是人类两性生活所组成的最基本的或者最小的社会组织。大体上来看，人类开始是群居杂处，大致在原始母系社会开始形成对偶制家庭，到了私有制和阶级产生以后的原始氏族社会瓦解的父权制时代，人类开始有了总体上的一夫一妻的家庭。家庭通过一定的婚姻形式而比较固定下来，成为社会的最小细胞。从人类学上来看，“家”“家庭”是社会生产力发展以致私有制和阶级产生以后的产物，它是人类进入文明社会的一个重要标志。中国的“家”和“国”的关系，显示出中华民族的独特性：中华民族以自然经济为基础，以家、家族等血缘关系为维系，形成了以宗法制度为主要表征的家国体制，从而不同于西方民族以商品经济为基础、以人与人之间的契约关系为维系而形成的法律和国家制度。中国的学术流派之所以被称为“儒家”和“道家”，似乎与中华民族的这种家族观念强盛有着一定的关系。在中国文艺史上，家庭的亲情、家族的血缘之情、家乡的养育之情，是尤为重要的题材。也许正因为如此，中国文艺才铸就了抒情表现的特色。

[关键词]家；家庭；国家；家乡；家族；儒家

[中图分类号]G02 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1671-8372（2017）03-0069-09

The cultural interpretation of “Jiā”

HUANG Wei-xing1， ZHANG Yu-neng2

（1. Institute of Automation， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing 100190， China； 2. College of Chinese Language and Literature， Central China Normal University， Wuhan 430079， China）

Abstract： The meaning of the word“Jiā”and its evolution show that it should be“domicile”. Historically， the ancient“home”“family”was the most basic or minimal social organization of human sexual life. Generally， humans were social contacts at first， and then began to form the dual system of family in the primitive matriarchal society. By the time of private ownership and the emergence of the class， and the patriarchal society of the primitive clan society broke down， humans began to have the family of monogamy in general. The family is relatively fixed in the form of marriage and becomes the smallest cell in society. From the anthropological point of view，“home”and“family”are products of the private ownership of social productive forces and the emergence of the class， which are important symbols of humans entry into a civilized society. The relationship between “home” and “state” shows the uniqueness of the Chinese nation： Chinese nation is on the basis of natural economy， taking the blood relationship of home and family to hold together and form the system of home state characterized by the patriarchal system， which is different from the system of laws and national institutions in the western nation that is formed on the basis of the commodity economy and the contractual relationship between people. The Chinese academic genre is called “Confucianism”and“Taoism”， which seems to have a certain relationship with the Chinese nations family concept. In the history of Chinese literature and art， the family affection， family kinship and the nurturing of the family are particularly important themes. Perhaps for this reason， Chinese literature and art have formed the characteristics of lyrical expressionendprint

Key words：home； family； state； hometown； clan； Confucianist

文字是承载和传播文化的符号，是人类话语生产和精神生产的工具和产品。透过每一个文字及其所组成的词语的形声义的演变以及人们对这种演变所做的阐释，我们可以了解文字所承载和传播的文化的具体内涵、独特特征、变化发展。……