内容摘要：云冈石窟第11—13窟是开凿于云冈第二期（约470—495）的一组洞窟，其内部造像可区分为一体设计与非一体设计两种。第12窟整体出于一体设计，其主室中轴线及前室东西壁设置“释迦多宝佛+释迦佛+弥勒（菩萨、佛）”之图像组合，与第二期前段第7—10窟图像思想一脉相承。第13窟大致存在整体规划，并以北壁主尊交脚弥勒菩萨为中心，表述弥勒上生信仰。该窟两侧壁中层龛像及第11窟造像并非开窟时一体设计。通过分析其中部分佛龛的组合情况可知，当时通过信仰大乘佛法而往生兜率天并最终成佛的思想，在一般信众中亦普遍流行。

关键词：云冈第11—13窟；图像构成；法华经；弥勒信仰

中图分类号：K879.22 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2017）04-0027-12

An Analysis of the Image Combination in Caves

11—13 at the Yungang Grottoes

WANG Youkui

（Editorial Department， Dunhuang Academy， Lanzhou， Gansu 730030；

Academy of Art & Design， Tsinghua University， Beijing 100084）

Abstract： Caves 11—13 at the Yungang Grottoes were constructed as a group during a secondary phase of construction. The sculptures in these caves can be divided into the two types of integrated and non-integrated design. In cave 12， which is of integrated design， the image combination of a Jeweled Buddha， Prabhutaratna Buddha， Sakyamuni Buddha， and Maitrya （Buddha or bodhisattva） was installed on the central axis of the main

chamber and on the eastern and western walls of the front chamber. The main idea of these themes is similar to those depicted in caves 7—10， which were constructed at the beginning of the same second phase. More broadly speaking， the integrated design of cave 13 focuses on the crossed-legged image of Maitreya bodhisattva on the north wall conveying the Buddhist idea that one may be reborn into Tusita Heaven. The images carved on the middle level of both side walls of cave 13 and cave 11 are of non-integrated design. An analysis of this group of shrines suggests that the idea of being reborn into the Tusita Pure Land and obtaining Buddhahood through devout belief in Mahayana Buddhism was very popular among common Buddhist followers.

Keywords： caves 11—13 at the Yungang Grottoes； image combination； Lotus Sūtra； Maitreya belief

大同云冈石窟第11—13窟位于中央崖面西段，属于统一规划并开凿的一组洞窟[1，2]（图1）。在以往分期研究中，学界一致将其归入云冈第二期{1}。三窟之中，第11窟为方形中心柱窟，第12窟系具前后室的方形窟，形制与第7—10窟相似，第13窟为穹庐顶大像窟，与第17窟相仿。有关此组洞窟的研究，以往集中于分期、营建过程等方面，对窟内图像的构成及其意涵少有涉及。事实上，云冈第11—13窟的图像与第二期前段第7—10窟一脉相承。如第12窟主室中轴线及前室东西壁的图像，直接采用第7、8窟主室北壁“释迦多宝佛+释迦佛+弥勒（菩萨、佛）”之组合，表述奉持大乘教法并往生兜率天之意涵{2}。这种思想不仅反映在第11—13窟一体设计的主体造像组合之中，亦见于其中的非一体设计组合的佛龛。……