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一句中多个动词的处理技巧

2017-09-01田本强

广东教育·高中 2017年8期
关键词:谓语宾语状语

田本强

在语法填空中,年年都有要求考生使用所给动词的正确形式填空的题目。所谓动词的正确形式,是指时态、被动语态、主谓一致、虚拟语气和非谓语形式等。所给动词都是实义动词或连系动词,而且空格所在的句子经常是含有另外一个或多个动词的简单句或从句。这时我们该使用动词的哪种适当形式呢?下面的口诀可以辅助你解决这个问题。

一句多个动词间,不是非谓就是连。

这里的“一句”,是指一个简单句、一个主句或一个从句。根据英语语法规则,一个简单句只能有一套主谓结构;如果是主从复合句,则主句与从句各有一套主谓结构。因此,多个动词同在一句中出现时,其中一个是谓语形式(时态或被动语态),其余的动词不是非谓语形式,就是有并列连词,构成并列的谓语形式。如:

[例1](2015·全国Ⅰ卷)A study of travelers__________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

该句有两个实义动词,一个是提示词conduct,另一个是names。names是谓语动词,且为一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。conduct与name之间没有并列连词,所以conducted应使用非谓语形式。又因conduct与名词study(研究)在语义上是动宾关系,即被动关系,且空格后有by的提示,所以conduct应使用-ed形式:conducted。

[例2](2016·全国III卷)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and__________(be)too violent for use at the table.

本句中believed后面是个宾语从句,在宾语从句中有两个动词,一个是实义动词would remind,另一个是提示词be,两者之间有并列连词and,所以be也应该使用谓语形式:was。

那么问题又来了:非谓语形式有三种基本形式,填空时该选择哪一种呢?涉及这个问题的试题根据考查的能力层次可分为识记能力类和分析能力类。

一、识记能力类

这类试题主要考查考生是否准确地记住了一些动词的惯用法和常见句型中的非谓语形式。

(一)使用-ing形式的情况

1. 在某些动词后只能接-ing形式。

后跟动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词有include, enjoy, finish, practice, imagine, consider, mind, keep, miss, admit, deny, risk, avoid,suggest, allow, cant help等。

[例3](2016·全国I卷)My ambassadorial duties will include__________(introduce)British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

解析:在include后只能接-ing形式,故填introducing。

[例4](2014·新课标全国Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused to stop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept__________ (ride).

解析:因keep后只能接-ing形式作宾语,即keep doing,故填riding。

[例5](2017·全国Ⅱ卷) This included digging up the road,__________ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

解析:與digging和building并列,即A, B and C,三个要形式一致,故填laying。

2. 作介词的宾语,动词用-ing形式。

[例6](2017·全国Ⅰ卷)... by__________(eat)more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. (eating)

[例7](2014·新课标全国Ⅱ卷)One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __________(be) late for school.(being)

[例8](2017·全国Ⅱ卷)But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term __________(rest).(这是spending... in doingsth句型,本题中的in省略了,故填resting)

(二)使用to do的情况。

1. 在某些动词后只能接to do形式。

后跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词有want, hope, wish, agree, promise(三个希望两答应);manage, learn, decide (设法学会做决定);ask, demand, refuse(两个要求莫拒绝);pretend, choose(不要假装在选择)等。

[例9](2017·全国Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants __________(prove)that she has brains as well as beauty she is determined to carry on with hereducation.(to prove)

2. 在序数词后或受序数词修饰的名词后作定语,通常用to do。

[例10](2016·全国Ⅰ卷) In 1931, Addams became the first American woman __________(win)the Nobel Peace Prize.(to win)

3. 在be likely to do sth等固定结构中,用to do。

[例11](2016·全国II卷) If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely__________(bring) your work home. (to bring)

4.在adj. /adv. enough to do sth结构中,用to do。

[例12](2015·全国Ⅱ卷) When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough__________(cool) the house during the hot day. (to cool)

5. 在it takes sb some time to do sth句型中,用to do。

[例13](2014·新课标全国Ⅰ卷) It took years of work __________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. (to reduce)

6. 在tell /ask / want /require /urge /encourage sb to do sth句型中,用to do。

[例14](2017·全國Ⅰ卷)They are required__________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.(to process)

[例15](2016·江苏卷)Parents should actively urge their children__________(take) advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams. (to take)

二、分析能力类

这类试题主要考查考生的分析能力。

首先牢记下面关于三种非谓语形式的基本用法:

(1)-ing形式:表主动或同时进行。

(2)-ed形式:表被动或完成。

(3)不定式:表目的或将来(也表主动,但动作尚未发生)

然后根据句意判断空格处是哪种基本用法,选用相应的非谓语形式。

分别举例如下:

[例16](2015·全国Ⅰ卷)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people__________(live)in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

解析:says的宾语从句中已有谓语动词arranges了,live应为非谓语动词;又因people与live之间是主动关系,故用-ing形式作定语,填living。

[例17](2016·全国III卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots,__________(use)twigs(树枝)to remove it.

解析:句中已有谓语动词cooked,所给动词use前又没有连词,故use为非谓语动词;又因people与use之间是主动关系,use与cooked同时进行,故填using。

[例18](2016·全国I卷)But my connection with pandas goes backtomy days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, whenI was the first Western TV reporter__________(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

解析:因when从句中已有谓语动词was,所以permit为非谓语动词;又因I与permit之间是被动关系,故填permitted。顺便说说,本空前的名词前有序数词修饰,所以也可填to be permitted。

[例19](2016·全国III卷)Skilledworkers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs.

解析:因句中已有谓语动词combine,所以create为非谓语动词;因create special designs是combine的目的,故用to do,填to create。

[例20]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________(take)placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.

解析:因the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar将于2022年举行,用不定式表将来,故填to take。

所谓“主动”与“被动”,是指非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。它们之间的主动和被动关系是决定使用何种非谓语形式的重要依据之一。所以寻找逻辑主语是决定使用何种非谓语形式的一个重要步骤,也是一大难点。

1. 非谓语形式作定语时,其逻辑主语就是被修饰的名词或代词。如:

[例20](2016·全国Ⅰ卷)No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence__________(suggest)that the trend is growing.(evidence是suggest的逻辑主语,它们之间是主动关系,故填suggesting)

[例21](2015·全国Ⅱ卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)__________(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by eventhe most modern of architects and engineers.(dwellings是build的逻辑主语,它们之间是被动关系,故填built)

2. 非谓语作状语时,其逻辑主语是该句主语。如:

[例22](2016·全国III卷)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal__________(create)special designs. (skilled worker是create的逻辑主语,两者是主动关系,作目的状语,填to combine)

[例23](2016·天津卷)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, __________(make) air conditioning unnecessary.(the cooling wind是make的逻辑主语,两者是主动关系,故填making,作結果状语)

3. 非谓语作宾语补足语时,其逻辑主语就是宾语。

[例24](2015·陕西卷)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother __________(take)good care of at home.

解析:his mother就是take的逻辑主语,两者是被动关系,故填taken。

[例25](2014·新课标全国Ⅱ卷) I heard a passenger behind me __________ (shout)to the driver, but he refused tostop until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept riding.

解析:a passenger就是shout的逻辑主语,两者之间是主动关系,故填 shouting。

还有三种特殊情况,但在全国卷中尚未考查过:

(1)带有连词的非谓语动词短语作状语。如:

[例26](2015·北京卷)If __________ (accept)for the job, youll be informed soon.

解析:accept的逻辑主语是you,两者是被动关系,故填accepted。

(2)自带逻辑主语的with复合结构作状语。如:

[例27]With the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar __________ (take) placeon December 18, the public fixed sights on the Arab nation, causing the concern of the intense summer heat.

解析:take place的逻辑主语是the 2022 World Cup final in Qatar,两者是主动关系,表示将来,用不定式,故填to take。

(3)自带逻辑主语的独立主格结构作状语。如:

[例28]Weather __________(permit),we will go on a picnic the day after tomorrow.

解析:因permit的逻辑主语是weather,两者是主动关系,故填permitting。

总之,非谓语动词采用哪种形式,主要根据该动词与其逻辑主语之间的主动和被动关系,以及所表示的动作行为是同时进行、已经完成还是尚未进行,来进行判断。

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