张儒令 安凤颖 王琪

摘要[目的]明确马铃乡香菇的主要病害并筛选防治方法。[方法]调查马铃乡香菇主要病害的发生情况，并筛选主要病害的室内药剂。[结果]该基地香菇病害主要是木霉病，经鉴定是康氏木霉（Trichoderma koningii）和长枝木霉（T. longibrachiatum），两者发病率达66%，病情指数为24。实验室药剂筛选试驗结果表明：混合液（生石灰∶硫酸钙∶盐∶水=5∶1∶1∶100）能同时抑制木霉生长和产孢，可有效控制木霉的发生与扩散，但同时也抑制香菇的菌丝生长，不适宜用来防治菌袋中的木霉菌，可用于喷施培养菌袋所在的土壤、器具等，减少木霉菌感染菌袋的机会；1.000%的大蒜稀释液效果最理想，可有效抑制木霉生长，同时对香菇生长抑制率很低，对香菇产量影响较小。[结论]研究结果为香菇病害的防治提供了理论依据。

关键词香菇；病害；木霉菌；大蒜稀释液；防治方法

中图分类号S436.46+1文献标识码

A文章编号0517-6611（2017）17-0133-03

Abstract[Objective] The aim was to clear main diseases of mushroom in Maling County and screen control methods. [Method] We investigated occurrence of main diseases of mushroom in Maling County and screen control methods. [Result] The main diseases of mushroom in Maling County was wood mildew， and were identified as Trichoderma koningii and T. longibrachiatum， and their disease rate and disease index reached 66% and 24， respectively. The mixture of quick lime： calcium sulphate∶sult∶water （5∶1∶1∶100） could inhibit growth and spore production of Trichoderma sp.， but could inhibit the mycelial growth of mushroom at the same time， so it was not suitable to control Trichoderma sp. in fungus bag， and could be used to spray the soil and instruments so as to reduce the infection chance of fungus bag by Trichoderma sp.. The 1.000% of garlic diluent not only could inhibit the growth of Trichoderma sp.， but also had little influence on mushroom， so it had the best effect. [Conclusion] The results provide theoretical basis for the control of mushroom diseases.

Key wordsMushroom；Diseases；Trichoderma sp.；Garlic diluent；Control methods

作者簡介张儒令（1983—），男，贵州铜仁人，助教，农业推广硕士，从事农产品加工与质量安全检测研究。

收稿日期2017-03-03

香菇病害防治坚持“预防为主，综合防治”原则，采用农业防治、物理防治，必要时辅以化学防治[1]。香菇是我国传统的出口拳头产品，但香菇中甲醛和重金属砷、铅及多菌灵、二氧化硫等超限，使我国香菇出口屡屡受挫。使生产者和经营商蒙受巨大经济损失。因此，当务之急是强化无公害生产，纠正香菇生产中操作不科学、管理不当的做法，采取更安全合理的防治措施，使产品达到出口要求，突破“壁垒”。……