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泰国—缅甸边境地区珠芽魔芋资源分布及利用现状

2017-08-09张东华汪庆平

热带农业科学 2017年7期

张东华++汪庆平

摘 要 泰国达府、北碧府及缅甸孟邦、克伦邦及德林达依省2国狭窄边境地带是全球16个混杂珠芽魔芋核心分布区。泰国占总量的10%~15%,缅甸占85%~90%。其中,4个具特异性、一致性及稳定性栽培种,葡甘聚糖含量高、生物产量高、粘度大,适宜东南亚低海拔高温高湿环境规模种植。该区域大面积橡胶林、柚木林为珠芽魔芋提供了天然遮荫蔽护,林下高矮套种模式能为2国魔芋增产带来巨大空间。

关键词 泰缅边境 ;珠芽魔芋 ;栽培种 ;橡胶林 ;套种 ;耐荫植物

中图分类号 S632.901 文献标识码 A Doi:10.12008/j.issn.1009-2196.2017.07.014

Distribution and Development of Amorphophallus Resources

in the Border Regions Between Thailand and Myanmar

ZHANG Donghua1) WANG Qingping2)

(1 School of Chemistry & Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031;

2 Quality Standard Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences,

Kunming, Yunnan 650223)

Abstract The narrow region between Tak and Kanchanaburi in Thailand and Mon state, Karen state and Tanintharyi division in Myanmar was believed as a global natural core area distributed with Amorphophallus spp. Thailand accounted for 10%~15% of the total Amorphophallus resource in this narrow region, and Myanmar accounted for 85%~90%. Among the Amorphophallus species, four yielded high and contained high content of glucomannan and high viscosity. They were cultivars with distinctness, uniformity and stability and were suitable for cultivation in low altitude areas with high temperature and humidity in Southeast Asia. They were tolerant to shade. There are large rubber and teak plantations in these areas where four Amorphophallus species can be used as intercrops to increase the output of Amorphophallus spp. in Thailand and Myanmar.

Keywords border areas between Thailand and Myanmar ; Amorphophallus spp ; cultivar ; rubber tree ; intercrop ; shade plants

当今,全球最重要的四大植物亲水胶皆产自亚洲,一般认为是橡胶[1](1 218万t)、瓜胶(60万t以上)[2]、卡拉胶(约15万t)及魔芋胶(约5万t),其第一大生产国分别是泰国、印度、印尼及中国,各国所占市场份额大致分别为36%、80%、40%和60%,4国可谓皆有较大的市场优势,且这一市场份额已保持近20 a。除魔芋胶外,其它3个植物胶在可预见的下一个20 a市场排名出现变化的几率极低[3]。而魔芋胶产量可能出现的显著变化,则极可能与泰缅2国珠芽魔芋资源分布及该区域橡胶种植面积产生较大的关联度,喜荫的魔芋在橡胶林庇护下,一个约1 200万t/a与另一个仅5万t/a的植物在相同地域以高矮套种方式进行互补,后者产量预计会超常增长。事实上,该模式在中国已被证实是成功的[4-6]。

目前,全球魔芋胶年产量约5万t,其中,中国约占60%,日本占25%,市场份额分别排名第一、第二。但中国产量中至少有4 000~5 000 t的产量源于泰缅原料产区。有统计表明,从20世纪80年代至今,中国从云南瑞丽姐告等口岸入境的缅甸魔芋干片常超过5 000 t/a。……

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