“盲”“矇”“瞽”“”“瞍”“瞎”等疾病词考
2017-03-21李曌华王育林
李曌华,王育林
(北京中医药大学,北京 100029)
李曌华,王育林*
(北京中医药大学,北京 100029)
“瞽”指有眼皮但是没有眼球,眼皮闭合平平如鼓皮而看不见,得名于“鼓”;“矇”指眼睛没有任何异常,瞳仁为翳膜所覆盖而看不清楚,得名于“冡”所包含的“因有所遮盖而不明”的特征义;“瞍”指没有眼球而看不见,得名于“叟”所包含的“损坏、破坏”的特征义;“盲”指没有黑睛而看不见,得名于“亡”所包含的“没有”的特征义,后又引申泛指眼睛看不见,为眼睛看不见之统称;“”指眼睛凹陷,“瞎”本作“ ”,指黑睛枯陷导致眼睑黏合而看不见,得名于“曷”所包含的“败坏”和“竭尽”的特征义。六者本义有别,但后世渐不加以区分,均用于泛指眼睛失明。
盲;矇;瞽;;瞍;瞎;考释
Abstract: It shows that gu( 瞽 ) has eyelid without eyeball, which eyelid is flat like drum leather, and named after the characteristic of drum.Meng(矇) refers to eyes without abnormalities, but pupil is covered with ocular,and named after the characteristic of not clear with cover in meng(冡 ).Sou(瞍 ) is without eyeball and named after the characteristic of damage in sou(叟 ).Mang(盲 ) is without cornea and iris, which named after the characteristic of none in wang(亡),and its extended meaning refers to blind.Qia() refers to sunken eyes, The original form of xia(瞎) is xia(),it refers to sunken eyes with eyelid bond due to illness, and named after the characteristic of corrupt and exhaustion in he(曷), The original meaning of six vocabulary above are different, but them does not distinguish later ages, and both meant in general blind.
Keywords: mang(盲 ); meng(矇 ); gu(瞽 ); qia(); sou(瞍 ); xia(瞎 ); make textual criticisms and explanations
1 瞽
《说文》:“瞽,目但有朕也。”段玉裁“眹”为“朕”之讹字,“眹”指眼珠,而“朕”有缝隙之义。又,《玄应音义》卷1“痴瞽”条:“《三苍》:无目谓之瞽。”[1]7卷3“盲瞽”条:“《周礼》:大师之职瞽矇。郑众曰:无目谓之瞽。”[1]58玄应多次引用郑司农的注文均作“无目谓之瞽”,《慧琳音义》中所引亦同,与玄应所引《三苍》的注文及韦昭注文相同。结合各家注文,“瞽”当指只有眼皮而没有眼球之盲,“无目”为没有眼球(包括黑睛和白睛),“有朕”当指眼睛有缝隙,即有眼皮,但眼皮闭合只见缝隙,也因为“瞽”者没有眼球,故其眼皮闭合时平平如鼓皮。因而《说文》中的“眹”字当如段氏所改,作“朕”,“目但有朕”即指眼睛只剩下眼皮合起的一条缝了,暗示了没有眼球。
2 矇
“矇”者,《说文》:“矇,童矇也。一曰不明也。……
