建筑设计：热带空间

居住奖：白蚁穴住宅，岘港市，越南

建筑设计：热带空间

白蚁穴住宅位于越南的重要港口城市岘港。岘港市因占婆古国的烧结砖塔遗址而闻名。建筑师的灵感来源于该地区白蚁建造的独特巢穴。住宅围绕一个宽敞的公共空间为中心，在这里布置了厨房、餐桌以及游戏吧。这个类似“门厅”的空间可以通向不同的功能区，例如卫生间、起居室和卧室。所有房间之间的连接都巧妙而舒适。在夹层还有另一间卧室、祈祷室以及一间小图书室。阁楼是一个开敞的休憩区，周围垂挂着葡萄藤。这座住宅为三口之家设计，除了祈祷室和卧室外不需要太多的隔墙。同时，在住宅中的共享区域，家庭成员们还能通过墙上的孔洞彼此看到并交谈，孔洞的排布看似随机，实际则像真正的白蚁穴那样合乎科学。

住宅的主要材料为烧结砖，它是该地区的一种传统材料，同时也是建造神秘古老的占婆佛塔的材料。室内屋顶由清水混凝土浇筑，地板则覆以深色水磨石。所有家具都是用老房子屋顶的木材制作的，这大大降低了住宅的实际造价。

由于墙体完全由烧结砖砌筑，住宅在夏季十分凉爽，因为这种砖能够在一定程度上调控整座住宅的湿度。“双层皮”的独特建造技术在外部采用砖墙，内部采用铝框玻璃幕墙，由此就在墙体间形成一个空间，作为两层山墙之间的缓冲区。另外，将厕所和储物间沿着墙体布置的设计，不仅有利于阻挡暴雨季节的强风，而且引导气流通过缝隙直通屋顶。这是由极大的压力差导致的。屋顶上，建筑师通过反梁楼板体系，创造出一片可以种植植物的小花园，这个空间将是全家人在闷热的夏季纳凉休憩的理想去处。

穿孔砖墙以及较大层高的特殊设计，将风和光线引入住宅的每个角落，包括那些最难以到达的区域。在起居室、餐桌或是厨房，主人们还能欣赏白天的碧空，或是夜晚的月光。每天的不同时候，从层间墙的空隙穿入的光线变换着强度，使砖墙在早上看是浅红色，中午是正红色，下午是深红色，傍晚时分则接近紫色。

在薄暮及夜晚，住宅宛如一盏巨大的灯笼，透过四处的孔洞闪烁着微光。周围的砖墙装点着一些粗糙的砖，从而形成阴影。每一块半烧透的砖的形状及颜色，都因此而焕发出迷人的魅力。

此外同样重要的是，设计团队希望通过使用当地常用材料以及传统建造技术，为当下及未来的居住空间营造带去不同的视角和方法。白蚁穴住宅能够真正“自呼吸”，这源自自然通风及自然采光的设计。更关键的是，我们在最大程度上节约了建筑造价。同样的模式可以应用到岘港市更多的中等收入家庭的郊区住宅，或拓展到全世界气候相似的热带地区。（黄华青 译）

2　立面细部/Detail of the facade

The Termitary House was built in Da Nang，a central coastal city of Vietnam. Da Nang is wellknown for the remains of Champa baked-brick Towers. Inspired by the termites’ special ability to build their nests in the local area， the architect has designed the house with a large sharing space in the center where a cooking counter， a dining table， and an entertaining corner are found. This "lobby" then leads to different functional areas in the house such as the rest room， the living room， and the bedrooms. All are connected artistically and comfortably. The mezzanine is where another bedroom， an altar room， and a small library are found. The attic is an open relaxing area with curtains of vines. Designed for three people， the house does not need a lot of partitions except the ones for the altar room and the bedrooms. Meanwhile， in the sharing areas in the house， the family members can still see and chat to each other through the walls with holes arranged as randomly but scientifically as in an actual termitary.

The house is mainly built with baked bricks， the traditional material in the local area. They are the very material to have been used for the construction of the mysterious ancient Champa towers. The ceilings are casted with original concrete， and the floors are covered with terrazzo in dark colors. All furniture is made with the timber from the roof of the old house， which helps make the total actual cost of the construction a significant saving.

That the walls are entirely built with baked bricks makes the house cool in the summer； for this kind of bricks can function as a certain factor to keep the entire house humid. The special constructing technique of "double skins" with two layers of one brick wall covering outside and one glass-aluminum frame inside creates a space within a wall， which functions as a buffer layer at both gables. Besides，the arrangement of the toilets and the storage rooms along the walls not only helps block the strong winds during the stormy season but also leads them towards and through the gaps straight to the roof. This is due to the remarkable difference in pressure. On the roof， architects use a system of girders and upside down floors to create a small garden for plants – an ideal place for the whole family to relax and enjoy thebreeze during the hot and muggy summer days.

The special design of the baked-brick walls with a lot of holes， together with the large interfloor space， allows breeze and light to get to all the corners of the house， even the hardest-to-access areas. The house owners are also able to enjoy the blue sky during the daytime or the moonlight nighttime from the living room， the dining table or the kitchen. At different times during the day， the variety of the light intensity getting through the inter-floor holes makes the brick wall colors change，from the light red in the morning， red at noon， to dark red in the afternoon and more purple in the late afternoon and early evening.

In the evening and at night， the house looks like a giant lantern with lights here and there from the holes. The surrounding brick walls are decorated with some rough bricks to make shadows. This improve the beauty and charm of every single samelbrick regarding its own shape and color.

Last but not least， the design team wants to bring a different perspective to the process of organizing living space in the present and the future by using local popular materials and traditional construction techniques. The Termitary House can truly "selfbreathing" due to self-ventilation and natural lighting. And most importantly， the cost of construction is maximal saving. This model can be applied to build houses for families in the suburban areas and who have average income in Da Nang City of Viet Nam and tropical climates around the world.

项目信息/Credits and data

客户/Client: 私人/Private

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 独户住宅/Single-family house

责任建筑师/Architect In Charge: Nguyen Hai Long

项目建筑师/Project Architects: Phan Quang Vinh， Tran Thi Ngu Ngon， Trinh Thanh Tu

基地面积/Site Area: 190m2

建筑面积/Usable Floor Area: 80m2

层数/Number of Floors: 2 （1首层，1夹层/1 ground floor， 1 mezzanine）

投资总额/Total Investment Cost: $27，000

施工造价/Construction Cost: $22，000

室内装修造价/Interior Decoration Cost: $5000

砖材类型/Brick Type: 实心砖/Solid bricks

建造周期/Construction Period: 2014.04 – 2014.08

摄影/Photos: Oki Hiroyuki

3　夜景/Night view

4　剖面/Section

评委评语

劳拉·安德烈尼：白蚁穴住宅是一座为核心家庭设计的住宅。它的结构简单，但对于砖的设计十分独特。建筑师对于砖的使用远远超出了纯粹的审美范畴，是对建筑项目所面临的诸多额外挑战的回应。首先，砖是该地区的传统建筑材料，这体现了对文脉的尊重。其次，它也是对越南气候的恰当回应。建筑师专门设计了由砖墙和铝合金玻璃幕墙组成的双层幕墙体系，形成一个气腔来应对极端的气候变化。最后，砖表皮形成了迷人的光影效果，对于居住者或是晚上走过的路人都是美妙的视觉享受。（黄华青 译）

Jury Statement

Laura Andreini: The Termitary house is designed for a single family. Though it has a simple structure， its focus on bricks is very special， and their use is much more than a purely aesthetic decision. The choice of material is an answer to numerous challenges that must be solved in an architectural project. The house shows respect for the context， as brick is the traditional building material in the region. In addition，brick is used in order to provide an appropriate response to the Vietnamese climate. The purpose-built double facade， comprised of aluminum， glass， and two layers of brick creates a voided space that counteracts the extreme variations in climate. Lastly， the surface brickwork makes for fascinating plays of light that delight not only the residents inside， but also those who happen to pass by from outside at night.

5　内景/Interior view

6　首层平面/Floor 0 plan

评论

韩孟臻：该设计呈现出一类基于发现与诠释的创新：建筑师基于专业素养敏锐地发现了蕴藏于当地司空见惯之中的设计机会，并在低技术条件下，使用当地材料，雇佣当地工匠，用符合设计行业标准的语言进行重新诠释，发展出由全球化所定义的地域主义建筑。这种基于全球化视野与在地发现的创新，也使人联想起中国方兴未艾的“乡建”大潮。然而，这种源于当地的设计，是否与居住者的日常生活具有真正的关联呢？抑或借助“建构”的手段，提供了符合他者关于地域主义建筑想象的图景。当使用者的生活也因全球化而倾向于一致，并不再迷信建筑师推送的“生活模式”时，源于生活的住宅设计创新，相比基于发现地方材料与工艺的再诠释而言，的确困难得多。

Comments

HAN Mengzhen: This innovative design is based on discovery and construction. Professional architects have discovered a new design opportunity among the commonly-found vernacular. They utilize low-tech， local materials， hire local craftsmen， and construct to a professional standard， in order to create regionalist architecture in the current age of globalization. This innovation is founded on an international perspective， combined with local material exploration， and can be associated with the growing trend of rural construction in China. However， does this regionally-inspired design really connect to the daily life of local residents？Or does this kind of design provide merely an image of regionalist architecture to others？ When the users' life becomes assimilated due to globalization， and the belief in a particular mode of life which was advocated by architects is halted， innovation in residential design inspired from everyday life is certainly more difficult than innovation that is based on discovery of local materials and technology.

青锋：整个设计的核心是以砖这种传统材料应对热带气候的挑战。砖灵活的砌筑方式使得墙体可以获得不同程度的通透性。当光线穿过孔洞在墙面上留下一行行光斑，你会意识到砖的砌筑其实是一种编织，在厚重与轻盈之间，砖并没有被束缚。建筑师熟练地驾驭了混凝土、木头与玻璃等辅助性材质，这给予这个小建筑路易·康一般的清晰性。但这也有相应的代价，洁净的秩序与日常的柴米油盐之间如何调和？此外，出于常识经验，我们也会担心一个没有空调的建筑是否能像建筑师所介绍的那样在热带提供良好的居住环境。建筑师对完美的执着不应被指责，但是路易·康也提醒我们，服务空间与被服务空间同样重要，在这个建筑中，这一方面似乎并没有得到足够的重视。

QING Feng: The core purpose of this design is to utilize traditional brick materials to meet the challenges of a tropical climate. The flexible usage of masonry offers varying degrees of permeability. When natural light enters through the wall cavities and renders a pattern of lights on the wall， one realizes the brickwork resembles a kind of weaving， simultaneously thick， light and unrestricted. The architect has masterly managed the secondary materials including concrete，wood and glass， which allows this small building to possess clarity， much like Louis Khan's architectural style. However， every coin has two sides. How can we coordinate a neat design with our messy daily life？ Furthermore， from a practical standpoint， we would worry that this building， devoid of air-conditioning， could provide a decent living environment in the tropics， as its architect intended. An architects' pursuit of perfection should not be criticized. However， Khan reminded us that a service space ought to be as important as a serviced space. In this case，the Mr. Kahn's view seems to have been disregarded.

Category Winner in Residential Use: Termitary House， Da Nang City， Vietnam， 2014

Architects: Tropical Space