《庄子·天下篇》与内圣外王之道
2015-07-13陈赟
关键词: 庄子;《天下篇》;圣人;内圣外王
摘要: 《庄子·天下篇》之关切并不在于六家学说的本来面目,其对六家的评述实际上指涉了“内圣外王”之道这一中国政教生活最为核心的问题。通过“道术”与“方术”之辩,庄子揭示出从方术中开出道术的可能性。道术的通达要求天道(神)、地道(明)与王道、圣道四者的连接与整合。《天下篇》在“神明圣王”的大视域下将人分为七类,揭示了政教文明的人性基础。在这七类人中,惟有圣人能够通达天人,承担圣王的事业。因此在人类的政教文明系统中,圣人具有中枢性的地位。
中图分类号: B223.5
文献标志码: A
文章编号: 10012435(2015)04045423
Chuang Tzu·Under Heaven and Way of Inner Sageliness and Outer Kingliness
CHEN Yun (Department of Philosophy,East China Normal University,shanghai 200241,China)
Key words: Chuang Tzu; Under Heaven; sage; inner sageliness and outer kingliness
Abstract: The concern of Chuang Tzu·Under Heaven is not the real situation of the six schools. Chuang Tzu's discussion on the six schools in fact refers to the way of “inner sageliness and outer kingliness” which is the key problem of political and educational life in ancient China. By the differentiation of “daoshu” and “fangshu”, Chuang Tzu reveals the possibility of exploring daoshu from fangshu. The acquirement of daoshu demands the connections and integration of the four ways: the way of heaven, the way of land, the way of king and the way of sage. Chuang Tzu·Under Heaven divide the human beings into seven species in the sight of “spirit, brightness, sage and king”, and reveals the foundation of human nature of political and educational civilization. In the seven species, only the sage can link up heaven and human, and burden the enterprise of a great king. So the sage is the pivot in the political and educational system of human beings.
引言
《庄子·天下篇》与司马谈《论六家要旨》(收入《史记太史公自序》)、班固《汉书·艺文志》,系最早从总体上综论中国思想与学术的“大文字”,三者之中尤以《天下篇》为重。《天下篇》对天下学术的讨论有本根与枝叶贯通的整体感与透彻感,且立意极高,其对六家学术的论述本身就是在探讨内圣外王之道,而后者乃是开通天下作为“天下人的天下”的可能性的根本。
今人往往视《天下篇》为我国第一部学术史著作,这当然不错,但这种看法里包含了将先秦诸子各家学说作客观研究以还其本真面目的现代眼光,在这种为求真意志所主导的现代目光中,《天下篇》的写作动机,只是纯粹的学术动机,即客观地展现周末学术的状况。其实,与老子、孔子、孟子、荀子一样,庄子并不是职业学者,其著书立说的活动并不能放在现代的分科性与专业性的研究体制中加以理解。……
