胡小林

摘要： 清人在清词复盛时提出“清词衰亡”说，其实质是清人在对元明词学何以衰亡的反思过程中所表现出的对当代词学兴衰的忧患意识，也是清人针对清词发展过程中不断出现的种种问题而提出的词学策略，它促使清人不断地调整词学理念、学词门径、作词技巧和选词旨向，令清词的发展始终处于理性地自觉变革的状态，从而臻于极盛。

中图分类号： I207.23

文献标志码： A

文章编号： 10012435（2015）04051608

On Scholars' Views about “Decaying of Qing Ci Poetry” in Qing Dynasty

HU Xiaolin （School Of Literature， Hubei University of Arts and Science， Xiangyang Hubei 441053， China）

Key words： the scholars in the Qing Dynasty; Qing ci poetry; the views about the decaying of Qing ci Poetry

Abstract： The scholars in the Qing Dynasty appealed the views about the “decaying of Qing ci poetry”， whose substance was the awareness of unexpected development during the rise and decline of Qing ci in the process of rethinking why ci poetry decayed in the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty， and a strategy of ci poetry which was aimed at the problems in the rehabilitation process of Qing ci poetry. The views impelled the scholars of the Qing Dynasty constantly to adjust the ideas about ci poetry， the methods about learning to write ci poetry， and the purport about choosing ci poetry， which could make the development of Qing ci poetry to keep transforming constantly and resonantly. The views about the decline of Qing ci poetry in the Qing Dynasty made Qing ci poetry to achieve its prosperity.

词至清代复盛，清人已视之为定论，陈廷焯说：“词兴于唐，盛于宋，衰于元，亡于明，而再振于我国初，大畅厥旨于乾嘉以还也。”[1]沈曾植云：“词莫盛于宋，而宋人以词为小道，名之曰诗馀。及我朝而其道大昌。”[2]但是

清人论清词时，也时常提出“清词衰亡”这一说法。为什么会出现这种现象？其实质是什么？清人“清词衰亡”说对于清词复兴的意义如何？

一、清人“清词衰亡”说的提出

在清代以前的词史中，词人最早针对当代词坛提出“衰亡”说的是明代晚期的俞彦。他在谈论词的音调时说：“词全以调为主，调全以字之音为主。音有平仄，多必不可移者，间有可移者。仄有上去入，多可移者，间有必不可移者。傥必不可移者，任意出入，则歌时有棘喉涩舌之病。故宋时一调作者，多至数十人如出一吻。今人既不解歌，而词家染指，不过小令中调，尚多以律诗手为之，不知孰为音，孰为调，何怪乎词之亡已。”[3]批评明人作词不解词音与词调，任意为之，遂致词在明代衰亡。至清代，清人对当代词坛的得失利弊尤为关注，不断提出“清词衰亡”说。……