朱永中+宗刚

摘要：传统的拥堵收费忽略了居民的异质性，无法有效地规避居民出行的时空集聚。鉴于不同居民出行时间价值的差异，从时空集聚的视角研究交通拥堵收费的可行性。综合时间价值与出行成本分析路网运行状态，以居民效益最大化为目标函数，建立路网的系统最优模型；在时间价值为拥堵收费基础上，针对不同属性的路径设定动态时变费率的收费标准，并通过交通流及公平性两个层面审视拥堵收费的效果。模拟结果表明：基于居民出行时间价值的拥堵收费下，刚性出行用户支付不同的费用选择不同路径，弹性出行用户需求也得到降低，交通流量从高峰时段向非高峰时段转移，缓解高峰时段的交通拥堵，在体现社会公平原则下提高拥堵收费方案的认可度。

关键词：拥堵收费；时间价值；居民异质性；时空集聚；系统最优

DOI：10.13956/j.ss.1001-8409.2015.04.27

中图分类号：C91332；F570 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-8409（2015）04-0124-05

An Approach about the Fairimproving Congestion Charge

Based on Value of Time

ZHU Yongzhong， ZONG Gang

（College of Economics and Management， Beijing University of Technology， Beijing 100124

）

Abstract：Traditional congestion charging ignores user heterogeneity， which makes it inefficient to avoid the spatiotemporal agglomeration for travel. Taking the difference of value of time （VOT） into consideration， this paper explores the feasibility of the congestion charging based on VOT， from the spatiotemporal agglomeration perspective. It integrates the VOT with the travel costs to analyze the running for the road network，making a function based on the maximum benefit of the residents to build a optimization model for the road network system. On the foundation of VOT to charge， it sets dynamic timevarying rates of charges for roads attributes， and examines the effects of congestion charge from both traffic flow and fairness. The results of numerical simulation present that in view of the congestion charging involved time of value， residents with a rigid travel will face various paths for different cost， which will lower the elasticity of the travel demand. Furthermore， the traffic flow shifting to offpeak hours can not only ease traffic congestion during peak periods， but also boost recognition of congestion charging under the equitable principle.

Key words：congestion charge； VOT； user heterogeneity； spatiotemporal agglomeration； system optimum

近年来，我国以道路供给为绝对主导的城市运输体系下，路网规模和容量不断增长；在居民生活水平日益提高与汽车产业发展政策双轮驱动造成交通流量激增，导致交通供给始终无法跟上居民出行需求的步伐，交通拥堵问题日趋严重。作为交通需求管理手段之一：拥堵收费对提高小汽车成本起到了一定的作用，通过拥堵收费缓解路网承载压力，受到国内外学者和政府越来越多的关注：如何选择有效的收费手段来缓解交通拥堵，建立以改善交通拥堵为基础的收费机制刻不容缓[1]。……