陶涛

摘 要：作者从内在聚焦、缺口的打开和关闭、以及电影对小说的改编等三个方面对海明威的小说《永别了武器》进行叙事学分析。

关键词：内在聚焦；经历自我；叙述自我；缺口的打开和关闭；电影改编

中图分类号：G642文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-0118（2012）-03-0-02

关于海明威小说《永别了，武器》的叙事学分析至今已经有了很多，但这些分析并不全面也并不一定准确，以下我将选取三点以我的观点来分析这部小说的叙事：

一、内在聚焦和第一人称叙述者

内在聚焦在海明威的小说中比较常用（如《丧钟为谁而鸣》等）。《永别了，武器》这部小说行文的进展是采用第一人称的视角进行的，也是内在聚焦。在叙事人称方面，“我”既是叙述者，又是主人公。海明威在第一人称中融入了两种自我：“经历自我”和“叙述自我”，这两种自我既对立又统一，构成了复杂的戏剧张力。

关于聚焦和故事的叙述者，从小说开头第一章的第一段开始分析吧：

In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.

Chapter 1 A Fairwell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

小说中的内容，都主要是通过主人公Henry以“我”的眼光来看的。小说的整个第一章几乎全部是景物描写，即使是这样，我们也能从这些没有情节和故事的描写里面，读到很多情感方面的内容。小说开端Henry“看”到的景物，明显是一种衰败的景象，可以感觉到一种明显的伤感气息。

另外，海明威在这段话里多次重复用“and”,比如：The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.”这一句话里面就有7个”and”,一般来说，谁会忘记了丰富灵活的修辞和辞藻，而喜欢固定不断的用“and”呢？精神病患者、吸毒者、醉酒者或者精神受过重创的人，他们叙述一件事情的时候就喜欢不厌其烦的用”and”。……