洪德金

任务型阅读要求考生根据阅读文章提供的信息用恰的词语完成与短文相关的图表。做任务型阅读时，我们需要理解文章内容及表格结构，在理解的基础上将文章定位到的信息转换成适当形式填入表格中。信息转换时有一定的思路和方法，掌握了这种方法就能达到事半功倍。下面我们来介绍常见的种种转换方法。

一、名词数和格的转换

1．英语中，可数名词表示类别时可以用a/the＋单数形式，也可以用复数形式 (这时名词前不加冠词)。名词还有普通格和所有格之分。命题者可以根据名词这些特性命题，让考生进行名词单复数或格之间的转换。例如：

They offer high quality education at a low cost.

In 1950, nearly a fifth of the population lived in the 20 largest cities of the nation.

In 1950, in the (2)______20 largest cities lived almost 20% of the population.

2．词性间的转换

英语中，不同的词性有不同的作用，充当不同的句子成分，而不同的句子成分也需要用不同的词性。如：谓语要用动词，主语、宾语用名词、动名词、不定式等，表语用名词、形容词、动名词、分词、不定式等，定语用形容词等，状语用副词等。考生务必认真审题，分析句子结构，根据句法和词法知识，把文章中的信息词转换成适当形式填入表格中。例如：

But critics say the current system wastes money and delays the arrival of needed food.

→Food doesnt (3)______ on time.

United States government agencies have to buy American-produced food.

→Food must be bought from (4)_______.

Changing it could harm food-aid programs.

→Changing it could be (5)_______ to food-aid programs.

There were mainly two types of families in the United States.

→There were two (6)______ types of families in the United States.

But the system also has supporters among agricultural and shipping groups, and lawmakers in Congress.

→Agricultural and shipping groups, as well as lawmakers, (7)_______ the current system.

Caring for others can actually encourage the development of a mutually beneficial relationship.

→A relationship which can (8)_______ two sides should be established.

Mass production (of laptops) is expected to begin in October, once a final design is approved.

→After the final design is approved, more laptops will be (9)______.

Apologize when you are wrong.

→Make an (10)______ when you are wrong.

Cheating athletes are easier to catch out.

→Cheating athletes can be (11)______ caught out.

What should we do so that our communication will be effective?

→How to communicate (12)_______

Because university tuition is so expensive, many students also work part-time while they are at university.

→Find a part-time (13)______ while at university.

3句子结构之间的转换

句子结构之间的转换可以是简单句与简单句之间的转换，简单句与并列句之间的转换，简单句与复合句之间的转换，或者是复合句与复合句之间的转换，复合句与并列句之间的转换。例如：

Mr. Gardner cited the account of the driver as an example of what he calls “good work”—a calling that combines excellent performance…

→”Good work” is (14)______ combines excellent performance.

When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute the air, waterways and soil, which forms a huge threat to the health of humans.

→When these bags go to landfills or are burned, they pollute air, (15)_____ a huge threat to the health of humans.

It takes them almost 1,000 years to break down into particles that do not harm the environment.

→It takes them a very long time to break down into (16)______ particles.

常见同义结构：except for, apart from, except that/when/where; above all, what is the most important; the reason for, why; the cause of…, what caused…; the last … that…, what sb wanted to … least; sb should do sth, Its necessary for sb to do sth; but for, without, if it wasnt for/hadnt been for…; was on the point of doing sthwhen…, was about to do sth when…; its time to do sth, Its time that sb did sth; Its certain that…, sb/sth is certain/sure to do sth; Its possible/probable/likely that, sb/sth is likely to do sth; It so happened that…, sb/sth happened to do sth; It seemed that…, sb/sth seemed to do sth; As it turned out, …, It turned out that…, sb/sth turned out to do sth; As is known,…, Its well know that…, What is known is that…; before long, soon, It wasnt long/wont be long before…; It was at three oclock that…, It was three oclock when…等等。

4．同义转换

任务型阅读在解题时常常需要进行同义转换，就是将定位到的信息转换成同义词或同义词组填入表格。例如：

Critics among charity groups have called for changes to the current system.

→Charity groups are (17)______ the current system.

Years ago, I boarded a bus with a driver, who entertained his passengers with a variety of topics.

→A driver who took to (18)______ pleasure to his passengers.

This (structure) will probably change again in the twenty-first century.

→The present structure is 190)______ --it will experience changes again in the near future.

American movie companies are exporting smoking in youth-rated movies.

→American movie companies are thought to be “selling smoking” (20)______.

Many people are unconvinced when they hear movies might contribute to adolescent smoking.

→Many people dont (21)______ movies contribution to teen smoking.

Experts say infections from dirty water kill several thousand children…

→Drinking dirty water (22)_____ several thousand children their lives…

Organizers say more than twenty percent of the world population lack clean drinking water.

→Over one-fifth of the world population dont have (23)_____ clean water.

Accept that friendships change. “Friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change,” Wilmot observes.

→We should be (24)_____ of the fact that friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change.

Athletes in all sports can now train more effectively.

→Athletes in all sports can train in a more effective (25)_____.

There are a range of abilities that can lead to success in life beyond math and verbal skills.

→Many factors besides math and verbal skills are (26)_____ for success in life.

The most effective people never change character from one situation to another.

→Dont change character in (27)_____ situations.

常见同义词（组）：besides, beyond, in addition to, apart from, on top of, whats more, other than; after three years, three years later; but, nevertheless, and yet, on the contrary, in contrast; so, thus, as a result; the rest of the students, the other students; other people, others; many, many a, a large number of, a lot of; punctually, in time; learn, pick up; memorize, learn…by heart; eventually, at last, in the end, finally; first of all, firstly; take into account/consideration, consider; would rather do, prefer to do, would like to do; due to, because of, owing to, on account of; most of, the majority of; various, a variety of; 25% of, a quarter of; half an hour, 30 minutes, a fortnight, two weeks; a decade, 10 years; a century, 100 years等等。

5．反义转换

任务型阅读解题时也常常进行反义转换。例如：

Decide what you really like to do and what you would like to spend your life doing. That is more important than deciding what particular job to hold.

→Deciding what job to hold is (28)______ important.

Its surprising how often a dispute result from a simple misunderstanding.

→Simple misunderstandings (29)______ to many disputes.

6．动词形式之间的转换

动词形式之间的转换包括主动与被动语态之间的转换，单数谓语与复数谓语之间的转换，谓语动词与非谓语形式之间的转换，非谓语动词与非谓语动词之间的转换。例如：

The country has to refine 5 million tons of crude oil every year to make plastic bags.

→Every year 5 million tons of crude oil is (30)______ to make enough plastic bags.

His plan would provide food aid by buying crops directly from farmers in the developing world.

→Crops will be (31)_____directly from farmers in the developing world.

This technology falls into two main groups: improving an athletes performance in competition, and allowing results to be measured more accurately.

→Science can (32)_____ athletes performance in competition and get results (33)_____ more accurately.

To help students pay for their education, the government offers loans which students do not have to repay until after they graduate.

→Apply for the loans (34)_____ by the government, which can be repaid after graduation.

答案与解析：

(1)costs。cost前的不定冠词去掉了，故单数需转换成复数。

(2)nations。表示所有关系的of the nation短语转换成s所有格。

(3)arrive。做宾语的名词arrival转换成动词做谓语。

(4)Americans。把构成复合形容词American-produced的单数名词American转换成复数名词做宾语。

(5)harmful。做谓语的动词harm转换成形容词做表语。

(6)main。副词mainly转换成形容词做定语。

(7)support。做宾语的名词supporters转换成动词做谓语。

(8)benefit。做定语的形容词beneficial转换成动词做谓语。

(9)produced。做主语的名词production转换成动词做谓语。

(10)apology。做谓语的动词apologize转换成名词做宾语。

(11)easily。做表语的形容词easy转换成副词做状语。

(12)effectively。做表语的形容词effective转换成副词做状语。

(13)job。做谓语的动词work转换成名词job做宾语。

(14)what。引导定语从句that转换成what引导表语从句。

(15)forming。定语从句转换成分词作定语。

(16)harmless。定语从句转换成形容词做定语。

(17)against。要求对现行体系进行改变自然就是反对它。

(18)bringing。entertain转换成bring pleasure to。

(19)temporary。马上要变化就意味着现在是临时的。

(20)abroad。export转换成sell…abroad。

(21)believe。be unconvinced转换成dont believe。

(22)costs。kill转换成cost sb ones life。

(23)enough/adequate。lack转换成not have enough/ adequate。

(24)aware。accept that转换成be aware of the fact that。

(25)way。effectively转换成in an effective way。

(26)responsible。lead to转换成be responsible for。

(27)different。change from one situation to another转换成change in different situations。

(28)less。比较对象与被比较对象位置颠倒，more important就需转换成反义词less important。

(29)lead/contribute。主语与宾语位置交换，result from转换成反义词lead/contribute to。

(30)refined。主动语态转换成被动语态.。

(31)bought。做宾语的动名词buying转换成被动语态的谓语形式。

(32)improve。做同位语的动名词improving转换成improve跟情态动词can一起做谓语。

(33)measured。做宾语补足语的被动语态不定式转换成过去分词做宾语补足语。

(34)offered/provided。做谓语的offers转换成过去分词offered做定语。

转换的方式除了上面所介绍的转换方式以外，还可以是分数词与百分数的转换、比较等级之间的转换等。要想能够在任务型阅读中进行确当的转换，平时必须打好基础注重同义词反义词的学习，同一意思多种表达的学习。