Eros Complex in Robert Walser's Novel Manuscript R uber /FAN Jieping

Abstract: In his manuscript R uber，Robert Walser revealed his Eros complex through an aimless and implicit writing style，and Walter Benjamin attributed this complex to the shamanic language of the Walzer Swiss farmers． By drawing on Eros and“Female”Theory from“the absolute other”doctrine of Lévinas， Walser interpreted the naked，shy，disguised and jealous robber in a paradoxical way in R uber． From such a narration，the problem of“Source of Love”with Walzer's works proposed by Benjamin could be interpreted．

Key words: Eros; shame; female; Lévinas; the absolute other

Love and Self-redemption: The Devil Contract Motif in German Literature of the 19th Century /HU Yifan

Abstract: The Faust theme，originating from the 16th century，has introduced the devil contract motif to the stage of world literature． Ever since，the protagonists of the respective literary works，the human co-contractors so to speak，have undergone a process from formerly punishment towards self-redemption． Starting from the second half of the 18th century，various kinds of love as means of redemption became prevalent: Supernatural love in mutual reaction with religious belief，different kinds of earthly love and love for oneself in terms of achieving self-esteem． Against that background，this study presents a contrastive analysis of the impact of love and self-redemption on Goethe's drama Faust as well as Chamisso's and Gotthelf's novellas Peter Schlemihl's Miraculous Story and The Black Spider respectively． The focus is upon the various thought-provoking questions that arise from the devil contract motif and their relevance until today．

Key words: pact with the devil; love and salvation; Faust theme; Schlemihl; The Black Spider

On the Social Transformation in Gottfried Keller's Kleider machen Leute /JI Yuetong ZHAO Leilian

Abstract: Kleider machen Leute ( 1874) ，written by famous novelist Gottfried Keller of Switzerland，depicts the social form of the transition from the feudal hierarchy to the modernization of capitalism in the wealthy small town of Goldach． The author uses the theme of“imposter”to ironically expose the absurd phenomenon of society in the period of social transformation． Keller criticized the people of Goldach who were obedient and still bound by the concept of hierarchy． This kind of folk style made such a funny farce: they mistakenly thought that the unemployed tailor，who was destitute but well-dressed，was a Polish aristocrat，and fawn on him． The characters portrayed in the novel are inseparable from the historical background of the transition period in Switzerland． Exploring the three themes of“Golden Supreme”，“Communication Priority”and“Scandal Calling for Change”，exploring the deeper appearance of Swiss social transformation reflected in the novel will help us understand the ideological connotation of the novel more deeply．

Key words: Gottfried Keller; Kleider machen Leute; imposter; social transformation

Religious Elements in Peter Bichsel's Narrative Works /JIANG Li

Abstract: Peter Bichsel is regarded as one of the most famous contemporary writers of Switzerland． His narrative works express religious thoughts，which was especially shown in his motifs of storytelling，his narrative style and his characters． He uses storytelling to teach human beings the art of narration to make them return to a divine state of mind． When Bichsel describes nameless working-class people，he also equips them with his storytelling，which helps them to make a sense of their life． At the same time，he allows the ideal reader to participate in this divine creative process． In his few narrative works，he pictures a group of people who are lonely or na? ve，persisting or longing． Their insignificance stresses their universality． The depiction of daily life of normal people shows his compassion and tolerance inside as well as beyond his stories，and these feelings prove a divine love．

Key words: narration; religious thoughts; ideal reader

The Construction of Feminine Consciousness in Oroonoko /HU Zhenming

Abstract: Aphra Behn ( 1640 - 1689) ，the famous writer in the Restoration Age of Britain，is one of those female writers who are actively engaged in the effort of promoting the construction of social awareness． She has earned the right for women to speak their minds． The view of Virginia Woolf and the admirer of Behn echoes the concept of literary public sphere，the important idea of Jurgen Habermas' Structural Transformation of Public Sphere，both of which are concerned with the relationship between personal writing and public consensus． Like the writers of that age，Behn applies her works to the construction of literary public sphere and her masterpiece，Oroonoko can be read as the text in which the process of integrating women's minds into the social rights is embedded．

Key words: Behn; Oroonoko; construction of feminine consciousness

An Attempted“In-between”: A Postcolonial Reading of Carol Ann Duffy's Originally /LI Yun ZHANG Chengdi

Abstract: In Originally，Carol Ann Duffy negates both her Scottish and English identity and gains an “in-between”identity as a poet． In face of Scotland's oppression and marginalization in the contemporary British society，Duffy intends to construct an“in-between”state，instead of stressing her Scottish identity like other native Scottish poets． This not only deconstructs the dominance of England，but also avoids fighting against England from the Scotland's side，which creates an“in-between”space． Compared with other Scottish poets，she is calmer for being“beyond”．

Key words: Carol Ann Duffy; postcolonialism; identity construction; “in-between”

Landscape as An Ideology: Visual Politics in The Country and the City in the Modern Novel/CHEN Li

Abstract: In The Country and the City in the Modern Novel，Raymond Williams examines the trajectory of writing rural and urban in English literature． From the perspective of landscape as an ideology，this paper reviews the duality of rural and urban in the development of English literature，which is intended to subvert the pastoral writing of“picturesque”and the narrative of urban“progress”． Thus the constructive role of landscape is revealed in the evolution of social order． In Williams' viewpoints，the relation between rural and urban is implied profoundly with that of the“urbanized”imperial landscape and the“rural”colonies． Furthermore， he explores the malaise of modernity interwoven with landscape discourse in globalization． The gaze of writers in English literature represents their self-projection in their ways of seeing，showing their distinct ideology in different historical contexts．

Key words: Raymond Williams; The Country and the City in the Modern Novel; landscape; order; nationality

An Interpretation of Narcissistic Narcissa in One Good Time: A Consumer Culture View/ZHANG Yuegui

Abstract: Mary Wilkins Freeman in her short story One Good Time chronicles Narcissa Stone's spending spree in New York after her father's death and after the draining of her insurance money，she has to return to the old and dull routine of life． Narcissa's narcissism，her extremist consumer behavior in the consumerist ethos， as well as the double influences of her hedonistic consumerism，will be analyzed．

Key words: Freeman; One Good Time; Narcissa; Narcissism; consumer culture

On the Operation of Power System through the Trial: A Case Study of Billy Budd，Sailor /HUANG Yongliang

Abstract: Billy，a seaman aboard the Bellipotent，was sentenced to death for accidentally killing his superior， Claggart，who made a false charge against him． Based on the Theory of Power，it can be found that Billy's death results from Captain Vere's use of power system． He creates a space favorable for his manipulation of the trial of Billy in the court，persuades the other officials into sentencing him to the gallows in the name of maintaining law and order，and controls public opinions by having the case falsely reported after the execution through deflected facts． Billy's tragedy shows that the Bellipotent is a society of discipline，where personal freedom is absent．

Key words: Billy Budd，Sailor; trial; power system

Why Does Clarissa Have to Die?: Exploring the Meaning of Virtue in Clarissa /ZHUANG Qing LIANG Jianhua

Abstract: Ensuing the happy success of Pamela，much out of the readers' expectation Samuel Richardson contrives a tragic ending as letting his heroine die in heartbreak and despair his second novel Clarissa． The tragic ending provokes divided interpretations among the critics． However，what evades the critics' attention is that it is exactly with Clarissa's death that Richardson，a great epistolary writer who undertakes the responsibility of moralizing his readers，demonstrates the true meaning of virtue． Therefore，the significance of Clarissa's death would not be disclosed unless it is discussed with the meaning of virtue: virtue is a model that has the power to touch the heart and reform the evils; it is also the Categorical Imperative proposed by Kant． Only for the sake of virtue itself instead of worldly reward can virtue conquer the aristocrat represented by Lovelace． In this sense，Clarissa has to die．

Key words: death; virtue; model; Categorical Imperative

The Accessibility Relations of Possible Worlds in Woolf's Literary Worlds /MOU Fanghua

Abstract: The application of Possible World Theory into the literary studies，means not merely to substitute the borrowing of the concept for the investigation into its theoretical root． A further step should be made from the current study of the textual world to the exploration of the relationships of possible worlds in meaning． The multi-world accessible pictures of Woolf's literary worlds show that，the author's world，readers' world， characters' world，the textual world，and the actual world are possible because they are inter-accessible because of a certain accessible factor，such as space． The interpretative power and life-force of the Possible World Theory stem to a greater degree from such accessibility relations．

Key words: Possible World Theory; accessibility relations; literary worlds; Virginia Woolf

Metaphorical Meanings of Body Narration in Milan Kundera's Novels /ZHAO Qian

Abstract: Body narration is an important part in Milan kundera's novels． It contains many metaphorical meanings． Combing all the novels written by Kundera，we can find that body narration in it can be divided into two types，including the narration of body parts and body movements． Analyzing the metaphorical meanings of body narration in different situations，we found that women is the author's main focus． Some special parts of their body as well as body movements show the charming of female and many men are attracted． So，it can be regarded as a metaphor of human being's natural desire for the opposite sex． For the plot，body narration is very useful for Kundera to express his attitudes，show the characteristics of the characters，highlight the theme of the novel and arouse philosophical thinking as well． As a result，it is a very important perspective for the further understanding of Kundera's novels．

Key words: Milan Kundera; novels; body narration; metaphorical meanings

An Analysis of Anna Christie's Compromise and Re-imprison: Based on Turn-taking Model /YANG Dandan

Abstract: An analysis based on Turn-taking model can reflect characters' speech power in conversation and infer their personalities or social positions by applying turn-length，turn type and turn management． Anna Christie is Eugene O'Neill's fourth drama． It can be found that Anna had experienced three speech power changes: holding，weakening and finally losing through the conversational analysis among Anna，Burke and Chris， from which we can infer Anna's three individual variations: freedom，last struggle in self-doubt and comprise． Although Anna escaped from being abused and caged in the adopted family，she finally comprised to Burke and re-imprisoned by the marriage． Actually，her fate has been determined to be submissive and caged in the patriarchal society for her female identity and specific surroundings．

Key words: Turn-taking Model; subjectivity; compromise; re-imprison

The View of Friendship in Alfonso Vagnone's On the Education of Children/Giulia Falato

Abstract: Alfonso Vagnone ( 1566 - 1640) is one of the most prolific humanistic writers in Chinese of the late Ming Dynasty． His pedagogic treatise On the Education of Children ( Tongyou Jiaoyu in Chinese) ， published around 1632，is the result of over a decade of work，and deals with various matters of child education． The book is thought to be“the oldest proof of Sino-Western exchange in the field of pedagogy”． Both European and Chinese philosophy deals with friendship． In China，the Ming Dynasty was a golden age of male friendship． Matteo Ricci had an important influence on Alfonso Vagnone，and he also uses the Confucian classics to express his friendship view． Alfonso Vagnone's view of making friends fully reflects his absorption and reference of ancient Chinese and European traditional thoughts．

Key words: Alfonso Vagnone; Tongyou Jiaoyu; On the Education of Children; Matteo Ricci; View of Friendship

On the Influence of Body-based Medicining on the Literature of the Late Qing Dynasty and the May 4th Era /LIU Jinju LONG Kaisheng

Abstract: In modern times，on the one hand，western medicine，adapted to the social situation，was regarded as a symbol of advanced western civilization while the traditional Chinese medicine became the symbol of decaying eastern civilization． Traditional Chinese medicine gradually gave its way to western medicine and the medicine was linked with a nation's future as well as its position in the world． On the other hand，the reformists who were deeply influenced by the Chinese traditional culture，body-based perspective and traditional literature view and literati of the May 4th Era were greatly influenced by the Japanese medical reform and political reform． This has great impact on and promoted the emergence and development of Chinese literature in the late Qing Dynasty and Modern Time．

Key words: body-based perspective; medicining; symbol of civilization; traditional literature view; literature in the late Qing Dynasty and the May 4th Era

Rethink Three Subjects' Attitudes toward Consumer Culture By Investigating Lolita's Cross-border Journey /JIA Ying

Abstract: The literary image of Lolita，created by Nabokov at first，has been well known after film adaption， and then forms a type of subculture in Japan． Thus，Lolita has gone through a cross-border journey from literature to film and subculture，and this image has experienced reconstruction and distortion． Its cross-border journey is closely related to consumer society，and also reflects the different attitudes toward western consumer culture from writer，producer of popular culture and subcultural group． This phenomenon could inspire producers of culture to keep introspective and critical in the face of consumer culture in order to provide a new measure of value for the public by humanism．

Key words: Lolita; cross-border image; western consumer culture; producer of culture