基于唯物史观对康德法权思想中拒斥革命观点的批判
2024-06-21李博涵
摘要:康德在《道德形而上学》第44—48节及《单纯理性限度内的宗教》第一版序言中提及了一种对待政治与宗教概念的法权分析。这种分析指出,人们在政治或是宗教意义上的对抗当局的反抗应当是不合法的,这种不合法性所推导出的结论是,人们应当按照服从道德诫命那样服从当局。本文将依据康德的文本,按照康德的逻辑推演思路的演进与变化,在可能的限度内做出有效的批判,并给出基于唯物史观的思考。
关键词:康德;政治哲学;唯物史观;马克思主义
中图分类号:B51/56;D091文献标识码:A文章编号:2095-6916(2024)12-0164-04
A Critique of Kants Rejection of Revolution in the Doctrine of Right Based on the Materialist Conception of History
Li Bohan
(Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084)
Abstract: In sections 44—48 of the Metaphysics of Morals and in the preface to the first edition of Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, Kant refers to a juridical analysis that treats the concepts of politics and religion. This analysis states that ones resistance against the authorities in a political or religious sense should be illegitimate and that this illegitimacy leads to the conclusion that one should obey the authorities in the same way as one obeys the moral commandments. Based on Kants text, this paper follows the evolution and changes in his logical deduction of ideas to make an effective critique within the limits of possibility and give reflections based on the materialist conception of history.
Keywords: Kant; Political Philosophy; Materialist Conception of History; Marxism
康德的哲学体系中,法权与道德是相互独立,但又紧密联系的两个领域。在政治与宗教的领域中,他强调了服从法权的必要性,认为反抗当局是道德上不合法的,因为它破坏了法律的普遍性和秩序的维护。在法权意义上,康德对政治与宗教意义上革命的拒斥体现在两个大的方面:一个是对权利概念的分析,一个是对政治实践进程的分析。康德在这个层面拒斥革命的理由是,它会导致自然权利自身现实化条件的消解。唯物史观认为政治和宗教结构是社会经济基础的上层建筑,它们的法权与道德观念是由统治阶级所制定,以维护其经济利益和政治权力。从这个角度看,对当局的反抗不仅是可能合法的,而且在某些情况下是推动社会进步的必要条件。康德的观点在唯物史观的视角下会呈现不同的批判含义。
一、康德对革命的拒斥……p>
