国际地缘政治中的距离概念再思考
2024-06-21董绍政
摘要:通过对地缘政治学位置、距离、区域三要素中最为关键而复杂的地理距离概念进行文献梳理和定性分析,发现其具有模糊性、非同质性、不变性三个方面的不足,认为在国际地缘政治分析中使用“效应距离”概念来代替“地理距离”概念更为恰当,并给出了效应距离的计算公式及其在不对称情况下的解决途径。归纳出基于效应距离的国家地缘政治所应当追求的缩短本国核心地区到本国边境地区的效应距离、谋求增加敌对国家到己方核心地区的效应距离和缩短本国到其他国家的效应距离三种战略目标,以及实现这些目标的三类手段:大力投资建设国内的交通网络、追求交通价值低的地理位置作为边境和追求海洋的控制权。
关键词:地缘政治;地理距离;效应距离
中图分类号:D80;K901.4文献标识码:A文章编号:2095-6916(2024)12-0035-12
Reconsidering the Concept of Distance in International Geopolitics
Dong Shaozheng
(School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084)
Abstract: Through literature review and qualitative analysis of the most critical and complex geographical distance concept among the three elements of geopolitics, namely location, distance and region, this paper identifies the shortcomings of geographical distance in terms of vagueness, heterogeneity and invariance, proposes to replace the concept of “geographical distance” with the “effect distance” in international geopolitical analysis as it would better align with practical needs, and provides the calculation formula for effect distance along with approaches to solving it in asymmetric situations. Finally, three strategic goals based on effect distance in national geopolitics are summarized along with three categories of means to achieve these goals. The three strategic goals are: reducing the effect distance from one countrys own core area to its own border areas, seeking to increase the effect distance from hostile countries to one countrys own core area, and reducing the effect distance from one country to other countries. The three categories of means to achieve these goals are: making a large invest in building domestic transportation networks, pursuing geographic locations with low transportation value as borders and pursuing control of the oceans.
Keywords: geopolitics; geographical distance; effect distance
地缘政治学研究的是地理与政治之间的关系,核心理论是地理决定论,核心要素是包括位置、距离、区域等要素在内的通常视之为恒久不变的国家地理空间。中国古代多数王朝都实行“远交近攻”的外交政策,就是基于国家间距离的战略考量[1]。美国的孤立主义外交政策持续了一百多年,开创这一传统的总统华盛顿(George Washington)在著名的《告别词》中指出,美国得以不卷入欧洲列强纷争的前提条件就是美国独居一方、远离他国的地理位置出自“farewell address”“Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course.”全文参见Advocate of Peace through Justice,Vol.82,No.4(APRIL,1920):120-121.。但实际上,在地缘政治学中,唯有距离这一因素最为关键而复杂。表面上看,两地之间的距离是不变的,但人们可以通过各种交通工具使通行时间缩短,从而使距离的阻隔效应发生变化,故距离对使用不同交通工具与依靠两条腿走路的人来说,远近感觉既不一样,实际效应也大有不同。……
