黄馥

你在写英语写作中，会不会常常遇到这样的情况，只写了跟主题相关的寥寥几句，就写不出来了。老师一再跟你强调，英文写作要满足词数要求，不然得分不高。你也知道词数太少的要害，可是你总是觉得无话可说;或是有时铆足了劲，写出一些句子凑词数，却是上句不搭下句，毫无逻辑。

例如，“How to study Chinese”的主题，你写了一段话：There are three ways to study Chinese. First of all， it is necessary to learn grammar. Secondly， you could watch Chinese TV programs. Finally， seize the chance to talk with a Chinese.

在这个段落里，你介绍了学习汉语的方法，写作内容出来了，可就是太简单，怎么办呢？怎样填补内容，让词数多起来又意思顺畅？

不急，学会以下两个方法，你的英语写作就可以语境丰满，内容充实，逻辑连贯。这两个方法就是补充法和强调法。

第一，补充法

当我们写了一个句子表达了某个观点之后，可以继续就这个观点的意思进行内容补充，让意思更具体，可以尝试从以下四方面进行补充：

1. 补充解释

对前面句子里的某个词语进行解释，让意思明白清楚。如：

I used to win the first place in the English Speaking Competition.

可以加上同位语对“English Speaking Competition”做进一步解释：I used to win the first place in the English Speaking Competition， an important English event in our school.

又如：I love the Humor Column most.

可以加上定语从句对“Humor Column”做出介绍：I love the Humor Column most， in which many jokes and cartoons could be read.

2. 补充例子

给出与前面句子陈述的情况相关的具体例子或列举前面句子提到的某类事物的具体事物，使表述具体形象。

例如：My father is hardworking.

可以增加具体的例子对来描述my father是如何的hardworking：My father is hardworking. He usually gets up early to work and comes back home late.

又如：You could take some gifts.

可以用such as或for example，for instance对“some gifts”进行具体罗列：You could take some gifts， such as tea and wine.或者You could take some gifts. For example， fruit is a good choice. 或者You could take some gifts， for instance， some snacks.

3. 补充因果

给前面句子的内容添上原因或结果，增加观点的说服力。

例如：Limit our time on online learning.

可以用因果关系说明“limit our time on online learning”的作用：Limit the time we study on the Internet because too much time on the Internet is bad for our eyes.或者Limit our time on online learning， and therefore， we won’t spend too much time on the Internet.

4. 補充作用

对句子里的某个关键词或前面某个情况、建议或方法的功能、好处或目的作出说明，令其作用一目了然。如：

My favourite sport is playing football.

可以在后面加上“playing football”的好处：My favourite sport is playing football. Not only does it build up my body， but also I will have more chances to make more friends.

第二，强调法

除了对前面内容进行补充外，对其进行强调也不失为一个增强语气，渲染氛围的好办法，更重要的是，可以增加文章内容和作文词数。可以从以下两个方面进行强调：

1. 比喻强调

当我们在给出具体建议，或强调某物重要性后，除了前面提到的补充法外，还可用比喻的修辞手法。该手法不仅能拓展写作内容，而且也能提升语言层次。

例如：Set a learning goal.

根据上面的补充法，可以补充“learning goal”的作用：Set a learning goal， which could help you understand where your aim is.

此外，我们还可以使用比喻：Set a learning goal， for a goal is like a compass that points where you will head for.

又如：Honesty is very significant.

只是说honesty重要，显得有点单薄，如果加一个比喻句，语言就会瞬间提升一个档次：Honesty is very important. A society can’t progress without honesty as a plant can’t grow without sunlight.

2. 反向强调

如果在强调某物重要性时，无法表达其作用或使用比喻，可以试试反向强调，就是“没这个事物，会怎样……”，这样思维又打开了一扇门，也使角度更独特，表达更新颖。

例如：You should have courage to challenge the difficulties.

这个句子已经讲了courage的积极作用“challenge the difficulties”，怎样继续写下去，来加强一下语气？反向强调可以试试：You should have courage to challenge the difficulties. Without courage， you may lose the chance to succeed.

又如：Friendship is very important to us.

我们使用反向强调：Friendship is very important to us. Without friendship， the world seems to have lost the sun.

学了这些方法，我们再来看看前面关于“How to study Chinese”的表达：There are three ways to study Chinese. First of all， it is necessary to learn grammar. Secondly， you could watch Chinese TV programs. Finally， seize the chance to talk with a Chinese.

尝试使用补充法和强调法，让这段文字语言丰富起来吧！

There are three ways to study Chinese. First of all， it is necessary to learn grammar， because Chinese grammar is different from English’s（补充原因）. Only with right grammar could you use Chinese in a right way（补充作用）. Secondly， you could watch Chinese TV programs， for example， Hello， China（补充例子）. It could tell you many Chinese cultures and customs（补充作用）. Finally， seize the chance to talk with a Chinese. Without practising speaking with a native， you never know how Chinese is used in real daily life（反向强调）.

请再看一段例子：

My mother is a housewife. She is kind. My mother loves me. She is important.

My mother is a housewife， who spends most of her time doing the housework everyday（補充解释）. She is kind. Not only does she treat the family members well， but also she is friendly to the neighbors（补充解释）. For example， she always helps them when they have trouble（补充例子）. My mother loves me. She always gives me the best and educates me（补充例子）. She is like the sun， giving me warmth（比喻强调）. She is important. Without her efforts， we couldn’t have a comfortable life（反向强调）.

责任编辑 蒋小青