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影响花生果安全储藏的环境因素研究进展

2022-06-07王殿轩刘磊黄依林陈亮渠琛玲张浩白春启唐培安

植物保护 2022年3期

王殿轩 刘磊 黄依林 陈亮 渠琛玲 张浩 白春启 唐培安

摘要 花生生长中土壤虫害、收获后的荚果带菌量、荚果发育不良或成熟过度、收获中机械损伤、收获后干燥不及时、荚果水分过高、储藏中吸湿受潮、储藏害虫为害等影响花生果的安全储藏。含水量为47%的湿花生果在10~25℃、RH 60%~90%时储存1 d,或在4~5℃、RH 65%~79%条件下存放10 d即会出现霉变。含水量为39%的花生果在9~18℃、RH 62%~89%条件下存放1~2 d即会出现霉变。温度9~19℃时大规模仓储的干燥花生果在其水分活度为0.43~0.57时,储藏期间因温差和湿热转移造成花生果堆内局部水分增高,在半年的储藏时间内也会出现霉变或产毒。含水量为6%的花生果在20℃、RH 70%以下时可安全储藏,相对湿度达到70%及以上则会发生霉变。含水量为9%的花生果在25~27℃、RH 70%条件下,或在环境氧气含量低于1%,或二氧化碳含量60%以上安全储藏时间可达1年。

关键词 花生果;储藏;环境因素;霉变

中图分类号: S435.652

文献标识码: A

DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2021093

Abstract The safe storage of peanut pods can be affected by soil pest feeding during peanut growth,the amount of contaminated fungi in harvested peanut pods, immature or excessive mature pods, physical damage in harvest, drying not in time after harvest, higher moisture content, moisture re-absorption in storage, storage insect pest infestation and so on. Mildew grew in the peanut pods with a moisture content of 47% when at 10-25℃ and RH 60%-90% for only one day or at 4-5℃ and RH 65%-79% for ten days. Mildew grew in the peanut pods with a moisture content of 39% under the conditions of 9-18℃ and RH 62%-89% just in two days. Mildew or toxin production will occur within half a year in the large-scale stored dried peanuts with a water activity of 0.43-0.57 when the moisture in the peanut pile increases due to sharp temperature gradient and transfer of moisture and heat at the temperature of 9-19℃. The peanut pods with a moisture content of 6% can be safely stored at 20℃,a relative humidity below 70%,and it will mildew in a short time if the relative humidity reaches 70% or above. The peanut pods with a moisture content of 9% could be safely stored for up to one year at 25-27℃ and RH 70%, or in an environment with an oxygen content less than 1%, or a carbon dioxide content more than 60%.

Key words peanut pods;storage;environmental factors;mildew

花生Archis hypogaea是世界上第四大油料和第十三大人類食源作物[1],是人类重要的优质植物蛋白和油脂来源,也是深受人们喜爱的食品[2-3]。花生广泛种植于亚洲、非洲、美洲等许多地区。中国花生种植面积约占世界种植面积的20%,居世界第2位,产量约占世界总产的40%,居第1位[4-5]。近年来世界上花生种植面积和产量增加趋势明显[6]。中国国家统计局资料显示,2019年中国花生播种面积为46.3万hm2,较2018年增加了1.38万hm2;2019年中国花生产量为1 752万t,较2018年的1 733.2万t同比增长108%。花生收获及安全储藏对其产业良好发展有着直接影响。我国花生收获时间较为集中, 尤其是花生生产过程中的机械化导致短时间内大量湿花生果积聚[7],使其霉变与产生毒素的风险大大提高。……

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