赵颖 周枫 罗佳琳 赵亚慧 王宁 于建光 薛利红 杨林章

摘要：  為了解江苏金坛地区稻秸还田条件下如何合理使用肥料，通过设置田间定位试验，研究稻秸还田条件下不施肥（S）、常规施肥（FS）、有机肥氮替代75%化肥氮（MS）和化肥减量20%（RS）4种处理对冬小麦产量、氮素利用的影响。结果表明，FS、MS、RS处理相对于S处理均可显著提高冬小麦产量，其中3种施肥处理的理论产量分别增加了192%、232%、260%，实际产量则分别增加了321%、278%、333%;RS处理的氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力相比于FS处理分别提高了14个百分点、4.59  kg/kg 和5.80  kg/kg ，而MS处理的氮肥表观利用率与FS处理相当，但氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力均下降了2.06  kg/kg ;在1个作物生长季，稻秸还田配施肥料后的作物产量与肥料类型和施肥量无关。综合分析可知，该地区可考虑化肥减量配施或初期进行低量有机肥替代化肥，以保证作物产量并降低不合理施肥导致的潜在环境风险。

关键词：  稻秸还田; 有机肥替代; 减量施肥; 作物产量; 氮肥利用率

中图分类号：  S154.4    文献标识码： A    文章编号：  1000-4440（2021）05-1167-08

Effects of different fertilization management measures on soil nutrient， winter wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under rice straw returning

ZHAO Ying  1 ， ZHOU Feng  1 ， LUO Jia-lin  1，2 ， ZHAO Ya-hui  1 ， WANG Ning  1 ， YU Jian-guang  1，2，3 ，  XUE Li-hong  1，3 ，  YANG Lin-zhang  1，3

（1.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment， Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Nanjing 210014， China; 2.College of Resources and Environmental Sciences， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China; 3.Key Laboratory for Agricultural Environment at the Lower Reach of the Yangtze River Plain， Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs， Nanjing 210014， China）

Abstract：  In order to investigate how to apply fertilizer reasonably under the condition of rice straw returning to the field in Jintan， a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization management measures under rice straw returning on winter wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Four different treatments were designed under rice straw returning： no fertilization（S）， application of chemical fertilizer（FS）， substitution of organic fertilizer nitrogen for 75% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen（MS） and reduction of chemical fertilizer by 20%（RS）. The results showed that FS， MS and RS treatments could significantly increase the yield of winter wheat compared with S treatment. The theoretical yield improved by 192%， 232% and 260%， respectively， while the actual yield improved by 321%， 278% and 333%， respectively. Compared with FS， the apparent nitrogen use efficiency， nitrogen agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of RS treatment increased by 14 percentage points， 4.59 kg/kg and 5.80  kg/kg ， respectively. The apparent nitrogen use efficiency in MS was equivalent to that in FS， but the nitrogen agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in MS decreased by 2.06 kg/kg. In one growing season， the wheat yield after rice straw returning combined with fertilization was unrelated to the types and rates of fertilizer. Overall， the reduction of chemical fertilizer or substitution of chemical fertilizer with low amount of organic fertilizer in the early stage can be considered in this region to ensure crop yield and reduce environmental risks.

Key words：  rice straw returning; organic fertilizer substitution; reduced fertilization; crop yield; nitrogen use efficiency

秸秆是农作物种植生产过程中的副产物，长期的秸秆还田不仅能够改良土壤的理化性质、提高土壤肥力、增强土壤有机碳和养分循环以及改善微生物性质  [1-3] ，还可以减轻秸秆自身对环境造成的风险  [4] 。然而，谷类作物秸秆的碳氮比（ C / N ）通常能够达到 60～ 80，高于土壤的 C / N ，在秸秆直接还田的初期分解阶段，可能导致土壤氮素含量发生相应变化  [5-6] 。还田秸秆的分解消耗了土壤中的有效态氮，极易对谷类作物幼苗的生长产生不良影响，进而造成减产  [7] 。……