微生物胞外多糖的提取与应用研究进展
2021-10-03王蓓蓓张伟周晓伦
王蓓蓓 张伟 周晓伦
摘 要:随着科学研究的不断深入与提取技术的提高,近年来对多糖生物学功能的认识有了量的提升和质的飞跃,多糖的生物学功能涉及免疫、癌变、肿瘤和衰老等方面,可以应用于食品、医药、农业、污水处理等领域。该文对多糖的定义、分类、生物合成和多糖的提取方法进行了概述,重点阐述了高压脉冲电场技术、超临界流体萃取法、双水相萃取法。虽然对微生物多糖的研究仍在不断深入,但微生物多糖真正的应用价值尚未得到实现。目前,胞外多糖已经作为食品添加剂运用到食品工业中,除此之外多糖还可用于制备抗肿瘤新药或疫苗、抗凝血等应用。
关键词:微生物胞外多糖;提取方法;生物合成;超临界流体萃取法
中图分类号 Q539 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731(2021)18-0021-03
Research Progress on Extraction and Application of Microbial Extracellular Polysaccharides
WANG Beibei1 et al.
(1Baishui Central Health Center, Pingliang 744000, China)
Abstract: With the continuous development of scientific research and the improvement of extraction technology, researchers in recent years on the biological function of polysaccharide understanding has a quantity of improvement and qualitative leap, involving immunity, cancer, tumor and aging and other aspects, can be applied to food, medicine, agriculture, sewage treatment and other fields. This article gives a detailed overview of the definition, classification, biosynthesis and extraction methods of polysaccharides, with emphasis on high-voltage pulsed electric field technology, supercritical fluid extraction, and aqueous two-phase extraction. Although the research on microbial polysaccharides continues to deepen, the true application value of microbial polysaccharides has not been realized. At present, extracellular polysaccharides have been used as food additives in the food industry. In addition, polysaccharides can also be used to prepare new anti-tumor drugs or vaccines.
Key words: Microbial Exopolysaccharide; Extraction method; Biosynthesis; Supercritical fluid extraction
1 多糖的定義与分类
多糖(Polysaccharide)属于典型的糖类物质,其分子结构十分庞大而且复杂,是由多个单糖分子失水与缩合构成,为典型的聚合糖高分子碳水化合物,由至少4个单糖并通过糖苷键进行结合。微生物细胞外多糖,则是微生物在繁殖过程中分泌至细胞之外的多糖高分子碳水化合物,或者产生荚膜多糖,与微生物细胞壁粘连,或分泌游离到微生物细胞壁外形成粘液多糖[2]。
按照多糖生成物种来源,可以将多糖分为微生物、动物与植物多糖;按照所处微生物细胞位置,可以将其微生物多糖进一步分为细胞外、细胞内、细胞壁多糖。细胞外多糖又可以按照单糖的构成模式分为同型与异型多糖[3]。……
