余开智

DOI：10.16660/j.cnki.1674-098X.2106-5640-0480

摘  要：随着社会经济的快速发展，特别是科学技术的进步以及新材料、新工艺的不断开发和应用，建筑物的内部充满可燃的材料和物品，以内部装修、装饰的材料为主，而这些可燃物所具有的燃烧属性决定了它们的潜在危害——大量的有毒烟气和热量释放，同时要消耗大量的氧气。在建筑火灾中，烟雾、高温、缺氧会向人们同时袭来。要知道火灾中最恐怖的“杀手”不是火，而是烟雾。但人们往往只对熊熊烈火有畏惧之心，却对烟雾的危害缺乏足够的认识。据有关资料统计，火灾死亡人数中，大约80%的人死于烟雾，火灾中的遇难者有的并不是先焚于烈火，而是先昏迷于或死于烟雾。因此，了解和掌握建筑火灾中如何控制烟雾扩散是建筑消防安全系统中十分重要的问题。笔者结合多年工作经验，就建筑火灾中烟雾的危害及防控和疏散逃生谈谈粗浅的看法。

关键词：建筑火灾  火灾成因  烟雾危害  疏散逃生报

中图分类号：U231.96                        文献标识码：A                  文章编号：1674-098X（2021）06（b）-0113-03

On the Harm of Smoke in Building Fire and Evacuation Methods

YU Kaizhi

（Haizhu District Brigade of Guangzhou Fire Rescue Detachment， Guangzhou， Guangdong Province， 510220 China）

Abstract： With the rapid development of social economy， especially the progress of science and technology and the continuous development and application of new materials and processes， the interior of buildings is full of combustible materials and articles， mainly interior decoration and decoration materials， and the combustion properties of these combustibles determine their potential harm - a large amount of toxic smoke and heat release. At the same time， it consumes a lot of oxygen. In the building fire， smoke， high temperature and hypoxia suddenly hit people at the same time. You should know that the most terrible "killer" in fire is not fire， but smoke. However， people are often only afraid of the roaring fire， but they lack enough understanding of the harm of smoke. According to relevant statistics， about 80% of the fire deaths died of smoke. Some of the victims in the fire did not burn in the fire first， but died or fainted in the smoke first. Therefore， understanding and mastering how to control smoke diffusion in building fire is a very important problem in building fire safety system. Combined with many years of working experience， I talk about the harm of smoke in building fire， prevention and control， evacuation and escape.

Key Words： Building fire; Fire causes; Smoke hazard; Evacuation

1  建筑火災的成因以及烟雾的危害

1.1 建筑火灾的成因

住宅建筑内部的居民人数众多，个人素质也有着较大的差别。部分居民的安全意识较差，防火意识薄弱，在日常生活中很少注意用火、用电安全[1]。而在一般住宅建筑的布局中，厨房所占的面积相对较小，且厨房内部杂物堆积较多，一旦疏忽，便很容易使厨房变成建筑火灾的易发地点。在建筑发生的火灾中，有很大一部分便是由于居民缺乏必要的安全意识，在厨房中用火时粗心大意，使油、煤气、液化石油气或厨房内其他可燃物发生燃烧，最终引起火灾。……