CRISPR技术在改良植物抗病性中的应用
2021-09-13罗丽婷蒋君梅李向阳谢鑫
罗丽婷 蒋君梅 李向阳 谢鑫

摘 要:基因组编辑技术发展迅速,已成为植物抗病育种的重要手段之一。近年来,CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats,规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列)技术由于设计和操作简单、成功率高、通用性强、成本低以及遗传编辑之后不会造成外源基因污染等优点,被广泛应用于植物抗病基因改良。CRISPR由几个不连续的直接重复序列组成,具有切除入侵病毒和外源DNA,保护自身免受侵染的功能。本文综述了CRISPR技术在单子叶植物(水稻、小麦、玉米、香蕉)和双子叶植物(拟南芥、烟草、番茄)抗病基因改良中的应用,讨论其优缺点并展望其应用前景,以便促进该技术在改良植物抗病性中的应用。
关键词:CRISPR技术;抗病性;基因编辑
中图分类号:S332.2
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1008-0457(2021)04-0046-12
国际DOI编码:10.15958/j.cnki.sdnyswxb.2021.04.007
Abstract:With the rapid development of genome editing technology,it has become one of the important means of plant disease resistance breeding.In recent years,CRISPR technology has been widely used in plant disease resistance gene improvement due to its advantages of simple design and operation,high success rate,strong versatility,low cost,and no pollution of exogenous genes after genetic editing.CRISPR consists of several discontinuous direct repeat sequences,which have the function of removing invading viruses and foreign DNA and protecting itself from infection.This paper reviewed the application of CRISPR technology in the improvement of disease resistance genes of monocotyledons (rice,wheat,maize,banana) and dicotyledons (Arabidopsis thaliana,tobacco,tomato),discussed its advantages and disadvantages,and prospected its application prospect,so as to promote the application of CRISPR technology in the improvement of disease resistance of plants.
Keywords:CRISPR technology; disease resistance;gene editing
全球的粮食问题一直以来都是被广泛关注的焦点,尽管造成粮食产量损失的因素很多,但作物病害的普遍发生却一直都是限制其生产的主要因素之一[1-2]。作物易受各种真菌、细菌和病毒的侵染,而造成巨大的产量损失[3]。随着科学研究的不断深入,增强作物抗病性已被证实是病害防治的重要方法之一[4-5]。近年来基因组编辑技术发展迅速,已成为增强植物抗病性的重要手段之一[2,4,6]。基因组编辑技术依靠基因工程核酸酶切割特定的DNA序列来产生特定位点的双链断裂(double strand breaks,DSBs),使DNA通过非同源末端连接(nonhomologous end-joining,NHEJ)或同源重组(homologous recombination,HR)被修复,这一过程常常导致碱基替换、插入和缺失以及相关基因的突变。其方法主要包括利用巨核酸酶、锌指核糖核酸酶(ZFNs)、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(TALENs)和规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列(CRISPR)/CRISPR相关蛋白9(Cas9)进行定点修饰[3,5,7-8]。……
