任晓亚 张志强

摘   要：文章在概览全球科技奖励制度的基础上，选择主要科技发达国家具有代表性的政府科技奖励，从面向领域、奖励方式、评选标准、评审过程等维度进行详细调研，重点剖析各国政府科技奖励制度的主要特点。比较发现，各国政府科技奖励制度普遍具有多元化、层次性的特点，有共同之处，也存有差异。在明晰主要科技发达国家政府科技奖励制度的经验和优点的基础上，最终提出完善我国政府科技奖励制度的几点建议：重新确立政府科技奖励的战略定位;切实减少政府科技奖励数量;重新分类设立科技奖励类型;规范政府科技奖励的评审流程和评审质量;完善政策促进社会科技奖励充分发展。

关键词：科技发达国家;政府科技奖励;奖励制度;启示建议

Abstract On the basis of an overview of the global scientific and technological award system， representative government scientific and technological awards in major developed countries were selected. Secondly，  focus was on analyzing the main characteristics of these representative awards from several dimensions： field-oriented， reward form， assessment criteria， and selection process. Then， it was found that the government scientific and technological award system in different countries was diversified and hierarchical， and there were similarities and differences. Finally， by clarifying the experiences and advantages of the government scientific and technological award system in major developed countries， some suggestions were provided： to re-establish the strategic orientation of government scientific and technological awards; to reduce the number of government scientific and technological awards; to reclassify and establish types of scientific and technological awards; to standardize the selection process and assessment quality of government scientific and technological awards; to improve policies to promote the overall development of social scientific and technological awards.

Key words technology developed countries; government scientific and technical awards; award mechanism; suggestions

將科学视为一种社会建制，是科学社会学的核心内容[1]。科学界的基本通货是学术共同体对科研成果的承认，科学家凭借其原创成果取得所在领域的优先权，而科技奖励正是服务于这一目的应运而生，是认可优先权的一种表征方式。一直以来，奖励以不同形式贯穿于社会中的不同行业、领域中。

纵观科技史，科技奖励起源的星星之火，可以追溯到文明古国对人们在劳动、战争中做出重要贡献而授予的奖励[2]。1731年，英国皇家学会设立了世界上第一个具有制度化性质的科技奖励——科普利奖章，奖励在物理、生物学方面做出突出贡献的科学家。作为制度化科技奖励的开端，科普利奖章在科技奖励史上具有里程碑似的意义[3]。……