韦翠珍 李洪亮 付小峰 庞兴红 余登科 袁嫚嫚

摘要 基于水生態历史资料、2013—2018年调查监测数据以及2015—2018年水功能区、入河排污口水污染物排放量等监测数据，探讨淮河流域新时期突出水生态问题，为淮河流域“十四五”生态环境保护提供基础支撑。结果表明，经过30年的治理，淮河流域水质改善明显，化学需氧量和氨氮排放量显著下降，2018年排污总量几乎降至2030年限制排放量;优于Ⅲ类的水功能区占比逐年升高，但Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类2018年仍有13.5%，劣Ⅴ类仍占6.7%，部分水域水环境污染仍较严重;鱼类种质资源退化较严重，淮河干流上中游、洪泽湖、沂河、南四湖减少了50%左右，闸坝阻碍了鱼类的生物连通。因此，局部水环境污染严重、鱼类种类损失、生物连通阻隔等成为淮河流域新的突出水生态问题。

关键词 淮河流域;水生态;敏感区;鱼类种类;生物连通

中图分类号 X 52  文献标识码 A  文章编号 0517-6611（2021）15-0055-03

Abstract Based on the historical data of water ecology， the survey and monitoring data from 2013 to 2018 and the monitoring data of water function areas and the discharge of pollutants into the river from 2015 to 2018， this paper discussed the prominent aquatic ecological problems of the Huaihe River Basin in the new period，and provided basic support for the ecological environment protection of the Huaihe River Basin in the 14th FiveYear Plan period.The results showed that after 30 years of treatment， the water quality of the Huaihe River Basin had improved significantly， chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen emissions had dropped significantly， and the total emissions of pollutants in 2018 had almost fallen to the limit emissions in 2030.Superior to Class Ⅲ of water function area increased year by year， but Class Ⅴ class and substandard Class Ⅴ were still about 13.5% of water function area in 2018， nearly half of which was inferior to Class Ⅴ，and the water environment pollution in some waters was still serious.The degradation of fish germplasm resources was serious. The upper and middle reaches of the Huaihe River， Hongze Lake， Yihe River and Nansi Lake had decreased by about 50%. Gates and dams hindered the biological communication of fish.Therefore， there were new prominent aquatic ecological problems in the Huaihe River Basin， such as part of the water environment polluted more seriously， germplasm resources of fish degraded badly， and biological connection blocked.

Key words Huaihe River Basin;Water ecology;Sensitive area;Fish species;Biological connection

基金项目 国家重点研发计划（2017YFC0405600）。

作者简介 韦翠珍（1982—），女，广西南宁人，高级工程师，博士，从事水资源、水生态保护工作。

*通信作者，助理研究员，博士，从事生态环境与资源高效利用 研究。

收稿日期 2020-12-21

淮河流域人口密度稠密，城市化、工业化、农业发展导致流域水污染环境恶化[1-3]，从20世纪70年代开始河水遭受污染，80年代污染程度不断加重，90年代水质恶化，21世纪开始不断增加治理力度，淮河流域水环境问题备受社会各界关注。1996年以来，国家和地方政府投入了大量物力财力进行治理，淮河流域成为第一个依法进行全面综合治理的流域[4]。……