胡佳颖

（上海工程技术大学 管理学院,上海 201620）

Rural revitalization is an important strategic plan put forward at the 19th National Congress of the CPC,It provides an effective guiding ideology for China,a big agricultural country,to solve the“three rural”problems and provides a direction for the people to work and share the fruits of development together.At present,China′s social development is in the transitional period,and the urban-rural development is unbalanced,especially in Shanghai,a super-large city with population import type,the urban-rural population structural problem is more prominent.Therefore,they are of great practical significance to understand the distribution of population in rural communities,determine the factors affecting the distribution of population structure in rural communities,study how to optimize the population structure of rural communities,improve the quality of population structure of rural communities,rationally plan and utilize land space and attract young people to invest in new rural construction.

一、引言

自乡村振兴这一概念提出以来,学界已经有大量关于乡村振兴的研究成果。一是聚焦乡村振兴战略推进的乡村内部的体制机制问题的研究,主要旨在分析如何通过体制机制的建立和完善构建乡村建设的内生力量[1]。乡村振兴的核心是人才振兴,人口凋零是制约乡村振兴发展的重要因素,城镇的快速发展和乡镇企业的崛起促使乡村地区劳动力持续向城镇转移,就业非农化,分散了乡村地区的人口和规模,劳动力人口老龄化导致乡村产业难以转型发展,加大了城乡经济发展水平的差距,乡村劳动力人口不断向城镇输出和转移。乡村人口结构呈现老年人群体居住比例高,年龄结构老龄化,老年人成为乡村社区常住人口的主体,老年化的人口结构不但抑制了乡村经济发展,而且同样给乡村的治理带来困境。经济因素是影响乡村人口结构失衡的重要因素,城乡经济水平差距是人口结构失衡,人口老龄化空心化问题的主要因素。必须加强农村青年人力资源的充分利用,改善农村就业环境,吸引鼓励高素质高技能人才回乡就业创业,通过培训或再教育方式加强对传统农民的技能培训,实现传统农业向现代农业的转型,促进新农村建设。二是注重乡村振兴外部产业的振兴,主要从外部体制的视角聚焦乡村特色产业的培育和发展以及乡村生态环境的建设,比如发展乡村体育旅游、乡村文化旅游等。……