乔正明 陈超 吴姚振 朱娟

摘要：為解决海流计在实际应用中存在的部分专业术语不规范、译名不统一和归类有差异等问题 ， 促进海洋观测仪器的发展和应用 ， 文章参照相关标准规范、权威专著和专业文献等资料 ， 根据海流计的工作原理和使用性质 ， 结合业界实践经验 ， 系统梳理各类型海流计的命名、分类、适用范围、特点和发展方向等内容。研究结果表明：海流计可定义为“一种用于测量海水流速和流向的仪器”， 根据工作原理主要分为机械式海流计、电磁海流计、声学海流计和其他海流计4个大类 ， 不同类型的海流计各具特性;其中 ，机械式海流计主要包括厄克曼海流计、印刷海流计、照相型海流计、磁录式海流计、遥测海流计和直读式海流计 ， 电磁海流计主要包括地磁场电磁海流计和人造磁场电磁海流计 ， 声学海流计主要包括声学多普勒流速剖面仪、声学多普勒海流单点测量仪、声学多普勒流速仪和时差式声学海流计 ， 其他海流计主要包括激光多普勒测速仪、电阻式海流计、应变片海流计、倾斜式海流计、粒子图像测速仪和海洋湍流剖面仪。

关键词：海流观测;海流计;机械式海流计;电磁海流计;声学海流计

中图分类号：P716;P714      文献标志码：A       文章编号：1005-9857（2021）12-0085-08

Development Status and Application of Current MetersQIAO Zhengming1，CHEN Chao2，WU Yaozhen3，ZHU Juan1

（1.Preparation Office of Zhangzhou base of National Marine Technology Center，Xiamen 361007，China;

2.CSIC PRIDe （Nanjing） Atmospheric &. Oceanic Information System Co.，Ltd.，Nanjing 211106，China;

3.Troops 91001，Beijing 110108，China）

Abstract：In order to solve the problems of nonstandard use of some professional terms， inconsistent translation and different classification in the practical application of current meters， referringto the national standards， industry specifications and relevant literature， combined with the principle and application of current measurement， this paper figured out the naming， classification，scope of application， characteristics and development direction of various types of current meterssystematically， which could also promote the development and application of ocean observationinstruments. The results showed that the current meter could be defined as “an instrument formeasuring the velocity and direction of sea water".The current meters were mainly divided into4 categories： mechanical current meters， electromagnetic current meters， acoustic current metersand other current meters according to the working principle and different types of current metershad their own characteristics. Mechanical current meters mainly included Ekman current meter，printing current meter， photographic current meter， magnetic recording current meter， telemetering current meter and direct reading current meter. Electromagnetic current meters mainly included geomagnetic electromagnetic current meter and artificial magnetic electromagnetic currentmeter. Acoustic current meters mainly included acoustic doppler current profiler， acousticdoppler current single point current measuring instrument， acoustic doppler current meter andtime different acoustic current meter. Other current meters mainly included laser doppler anemometry， resistance current meter， strain current meter， inclined current meter， particle imagevelocimeter and ocean turbulence profiler.

Keywords：Current observation，Current meter，Mechanical current meter，Electromagnetic currentmeter，Acoustic current meter

0 引言

海流是海洋动力环境的重要参数 ，对全球气候稳定、海洋生态系统平衡和海洋开发利用等发挥至关重要的作用 ， 因此海流观测技术一直是海洋观测领域的关注焦点之一[1-2]。

为在恶劣的海洋环境下准确和便利地观测海流 ，人类自17世纪开始使用漂流瓶和海冰等漂浮物观测表层海流 ， 开启人类观测海流的历史[3]。……