阿尔茨海默病与microRNA研究进展
2021-08-11朱苗骏
朱苗骏

摘 要 阿尔茨海默病是一种以进行性认知损害为特征的神经退行性疾病,被认为是最常见的痴呆病症,其特征是b淀粉样蛋白斑的积累和神经元纤维缠结的形成,但目前还没有可靠的生物标志物或非侵入性技术可用于其早期检测。近年来随着生物标志物和分子生物学技术的快速发展,越来越多的证据表明,包括组织、血液和脑脊液在内的microRNA的特异性表达与脑神经退行性疾病有关,预示着这些microRNA作为阿尔茨海默病诊断标志物的巨大潜力。本文综述了近年来microRNA和阿尔茨海默病的研究进展。
关键词 非编码RNA 小RNA 阿尔茨海默病
中图分类号:R749.16 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2021)13-0043-05
Research advances of Alzheimers disease and microRNA
ZHU Miaojun
(Shanghai Biovue Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200063, China)
ABSTRACT Alzheimers disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, the commonest cause of dementia. Two major physical hallmarks of the disease are the accumulation of beta amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. However, there are no reliable biomarkers or non-invasive techniques yet for its early detection. In recent years, with the development of molecular biology, more and more evidences have showed that the specific microRNAs expressed in tissue, blood and cerebrospinal fluid are related to neurodegenerative diseases. It is indicated that the great potential of these non-coding RNAs may be possibly used as diagnostic markers for Alzheimers disease. This article mainly reviews the research progress of microRNAs and Alzheimers disease in recent years.
KEy WORDS ncRNA; microRNA; Alzheimers disease
RNA不仅承担遗传信息中间载体的角色,而且更多地承担了各种调控功能。在高等生物和人的基因组中非编码区占到基因组序列的大部分,如人类基因组中编码蛋白的序列只占有约3%~5%,其余约95%~97%为非编码区[1]。这些长短不一、结构各异的非编码RNA(ncRNA)在生物体内发挥着各种不同功能。随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展和非编码RNA组学的不断进步,人们也逐渐认识到这些基因在神经退行性疾病中也发挥着重要的生物学功能。神经退行性疾病包括有阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimers disease, AD)、亨廷顿病(Huntingtons disease, HD)、帕金森病(Parkinsons disease, PD)和肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等常见神经系统疾病。AD作为最常见的痴呆病症(dementia disorder)被研究的最多[2]。本文着重探讨微小RNAs(microRNA,miRNA或miR)与AD发病关系及在诊疗中应用的研究进展。
1 AD
AD也被称为阿尔茨海默型老年性痴呆(dementia of Alzhermers disease),是慢性进行性中枢神经系统变性病导致的痴呆,是痴呆最常见的病因和最常见的脑神经退行性疾病,目前AD患者预计全球超过4 700万[3]。……
