冠脉痉挛及其诊治的研究进展
2021-08-11丁娣王齐兵
丁娣 王齐兵
摘 要 冠脉痉挛患者的胸痛症状与冠脉阻塞性心臟病相似,发作时心电图上有ST-T改变,心脏彩超检查可见室壁运动障碍,并可能出现血清肌钙蛋白水平升高。但冠脉痉挛的病理生理学机制以平滑肌收缩功能障碍为主,与冠脉阻塞性心脏病完全不同,因此两病的治疗原则也完全不同。
关键词 冠脉痉挛 Kounis综合征 冠脉非梗阻性心肌梗死
中图分类号:R543.3; R542.22 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2021)13-0039-04
Research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery spasm
DING Di1, WANG Qibing1, 2
(1. Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China)
ABSTRACT The chest pain symptoms in patient with coronary artery spasm are similar to coronary obstructive heart disease. There are ST-T changes in the ECG during the attack, and ventricular wall motion abnormality may occur in the cardiac ultrasound, and the serum troponin level may be elevated. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of coronary artery spasm is mainly smooth muscle contraction dysfunction, which is completely different from coronary obstructive heart disease, so the treatment principles of the two diseases are also completely different.
KEy WORDS coronary artery spasm; Kounis syndrome; myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries
冠脉痉挛的定义为心外膜冠脉自发性地或在某些诱因下出现的可逆的完全或次完全闭塞。由于冠脉闭塞的程度和持续时间不同,冠脉痉挛发作时既可无明显症状,也可导致急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)、室性心动过速甚至心源性猝死等严重不良事件。Prinzmetal等[1]最早观察到一种静息状态下发作的一过性ST段抬高型心绞痛,并将其称为“变异性心绞痛”。随着报告越来越多,人们发现此类心绞痛发作时ST段压低较ST段抬高更常见,主要与非弥漫性、非完全性的冠脉痉挛,特别是发作时侧枝供血和非主要供血的小冠脉痉挛有关。欧洲心脏病学学会2018年发布的《第4版心肌梗死通用定义》[2]中提出,应关注2型心肌梗死的治疗和预后,同时强调了冠脉非梗阻性心肌梗死(myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries, MINOCA)的存在,而导致2型心肌梗死和MINOCA的一个重要原因即是冠脉痉挛。冠脉痉挛发作不仅可直接导致心肌缺血,且痉挛本身也能促使易损斑块破裂、降低冠脉血流速率、激活凝血系统和血小板,从而导致粥样斑块破裂型心肌梗死等不良结果[3-4]。……
