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我国向日葵列当生理小种的组成与分布

2021-08-06云晓鹏苏雅杰杜磊田晓燕高红宇张光韩丽白全江

杂草学报 2021年1期

云晓鹏 苏雅杰 杜磊 田晓燕 高红宇 张光 韩丽 白全江

摘要:为明确我国向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)生理小种的种类与分布,通过盆栽鉴定的方法,对我国内蒙古、新疆、河北、山西、陕西、黑龙江、吉林、甘肃等8个地区62个样点的向日葵列当生理小种构成进行鉴定,鉴定结果显示,内蒙古、新疆、河北等地区的生理小种种类比较丰富,分别为7、6、5种。内蒙古以高毒力的F和G小种为主,占65%以上;新疆以C小种为主,占42%,同时高毒力的F和G小种也混合发生,约占34%;河北以A和C小种为主,占50%以上,高毒力的F和G小种约占30%;吉林、陕西、黑龙江、山西等地区均以A小种为主,占比均超过了40%,吉林有高毒力的F小种,约占29%,陕西有少量的E小种;甘肃仅有F小种。种植抗列当向日葵品种时,须要充分考虑当地生理小种的构成,以延缓新的生理小种产生。

关键词:向日葵列当;生理小种鉴定;分布;优势小种;种群结构

中图分类号:S451  文献标志码:A  文章编号:1003-935X(2021)01-0012-09

Abstract:To determine theirtypeand distribution,physiological races ofsunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) collected form 62 sampling sites in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,Heilongjiang,Jilin and Gansu were identified through pot trials. Several physiological races were foundin Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and Hebei,with 7,6 and 5 types respectively. In Inner Mongolia,races F and G with high virulence were the dominant types,accounting for more than 65% of the samples;in Xinjiang,dominant race C accountedfor 42% with races F and G accounting for 34% also occurring. In Hebei,races A and C were dominant accounting for more than 50% followed by races Fand Grepresenting 30%;in Jilin,Shaanxi,Heilongjiang and Shanxi,race A was dominant accounting for more than 40%. Race F was present in Jilin (29%) and the only one identified in Gansu;a few race E broomrapes existed in Shaanxi. Before planting anti-broomrape sunflower,full consideration should be given tothe composition of local physiological races to delay occurrence of new physiological race types.

Key words:Orobanche cumana;physiologic race identification;distribution

向日葵列當(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)主要分布在中欧、东欧和亚洲[1],属双子叶植物纲列当科一年生全寄生性草本植物,寄生于寄主的根部,主要寄生的对象是向日葵,还可以危害西瓜、甜瓜、豌豆、蚕豆、胡萝卜、芹菜、烟草、亚麻、番茄等植物[2]。在我国,向日葵列当主要分布在内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、陕西、山西、河北、黑龙江、吉林等地区,其中在内蒙古和新疆发生危害尤为严重,对当地向日葵的生产造成了巨大损失[3-5]。向日葵列当存在明显的生理小种分化[6],从20世纪80年代开始国外育种科学家陆续从野生向日葵资源中获得了Or1~Or7抗性基因,成功转育到栽培向日葵中,同时也鉴定、命名了A~G各生理小种。……

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