东南亚地区的难民保护和非传统安全合作困境
2021-07-05陈宇
摘要:尽管东南亚地区存在着严重的难民问题,但有不少东南亚国家以国家能力缺乏、不干涉内政及未签署相关国际法条约等为由,拒绝承担为难民提供保护的责任,而且还将难民进行“安全化”后实行直接排斥,这导致难民问题成为东南亚地区重要的非传统安全问题。当前,东南亚国家已经在国际社会的支持下,构建了以“巴厘进程”为核心的地区非法移民的合作框架,部分承担起难民保护的责任,并围绕着“巴厘进程”取得可观的合作效能,缓解了东南亚地区由于人口不规则移徙导致的非传统安全合作困境。
关键词:东南亚;难民问题;非传统安全;“巴厘进程”
[中图分类号] D815.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1003-2479(2021)05-051-11
Refugee Protection and Non-traditional Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia
CHEN Yu
Abstract: Although there is a serious refugee issue in Southeast Asia, many states there take a lack of national capacity, non-interference in internal affairs, and non-signed treaties of international law as the reasons to refuse to bear the responsibility of providing protection for refugees. In addition, they reject refugees directly after "securitizing" refugees, making the refugee crisis an important non-traditional security (NTS) issue in Southeast Asia. With the support of the international community, Southeast Asian states have constructed a regional cooperation framework on illegal immigration with the "Bali Process" at its core, and partly assumed the responsibility of refugee protection. Through the cooperation around the "Bali Process", they obtained good governance efficiency in refugee crisis governance and alleviated NTS dilemma due to irregular migration.
Key Words: Southeast Asia; Refugee Crisis; Non-traditional Security; Bali Process
一、問题的提出
东南亚地区在历史上曾长期遭受殖民统治,在20世纪中叶又经历了风起云涌的反殖民斗争和民族解放运动,民族国家独立后又频繁发生民族冲突和国家间冲突。历史上,这些纷繁复杂的冲突使得许多东南亚国家的民众流离失所,不得不远走他乡寻求庇护。特别是在冷战期间,东南亚地区爆发了越南战争和柬越战争等冲突,直接导致超过250万人沦为难民①。进入21世纪以来,东南亚地区仍有超过140万无国籍人员和70多万庇护寻求者,有超过270万人口需要获得保护,而且还有规模庞大的不规则流动人口①。当然,也有学者指出,东南亚地区目前至少有1000万事实上的需要保护的人口,或者在原籍国之外成为无国籍人口②。这些数据都说明,东南亚地区是世界范围内难民规模较大的地区,但是实际上获得符合国际难民法规定的难民保护的规模则非常有限③。……
