变化中的马来西亚政治:政党分裂与格局演变
2021-07-05傅聪聪


摘要:2018年第14届全国大选后,马来西亚政府频繁更迭,3年内更换了3任内阁总理;国内政党政治格局发生重大变化,原执政联盟国民阵线经历分裂和重组,胜选的希望联盟不断分化,新组建的国民联盟崛起为第三势力,政党与选举联盟在“解体”与“再结盟”之间不断改变战略关系,凸显“竞合”特征。文章在深入描述2018—2021年马来西亚国内政治发展态势、马来族群政党和联盟分裂的基础上,详细阐释“后威权时代”马来西亚国内政党政治格局的演变。文章认为,变化中的马来西亚政治局势面临无法摆脱的不稳定困境。
关键词:马来西亚;马来族群政党;政党分裂;政治格局
[中图分类号] D733.8 [文献标识码] A [文章編号] 1003-2479(2021)05-027-13
Political Change in Malaysia: Party Fragmentation and Political Pattern Evolution
FU Congcong
Abstract: Since the 14th Malaysian general election in May 2018, there have been frequent changes in the Malaysian government as three Prime Ministers were replaced in three years. The landscape of political parties in Malaysia has undergone significant changes, with the former ruling coalition, Barisan Nasional, undergoing a split and restructuring, the governing coalition Pakatan Harapan continuing to fragment, and the newly formed Perikatan Nasional emerging as the third force. Political parties and electoral alliances are constantly changing their strategic relationship between "disintegration" and "realignment", highlighting the "competition-cooperation" that characterizes them. Based on an in-depth description of Malaysia's domestic political development and the fragmentation of Malay-dominant political parties and coalitions from 2018 to 2021, this paper provides a detailed account of the evolution of the political structure of domestic political parties in Malaysia in the Post-authoritarian Era. The changing political landscape in Malaysia faces an inescapable dilemma of turmoil and instability.
Key Words: Malaysia; Malay-Dominant Parties; Party Fragmentation; Political Patterns
导 言
2018年12月8日,马来西亚年度汉字评选结果在吉隆坡中华大会堂大厦揭晓, “变”字当选年度汉字①。“变”字传递出马来西亚民心求变的心态,用其形容2018年至今马来西亚政治局势的发展更是恰如其分。
2018年5月9日举行的第14届全国大选是马来西亚独立以来政治发展的分水岭:以马来民族统一机构(“巫统”)为核心的执政联盟“国民阵线”(前身为“联盟党”)失去了联邦政权,马来西亚也出现了建国60年来首次执政党轮替。马来西亚政坛耆宿、 “国家现代化之父”马哈蒂尔再度出任内阁总理,其领导的政党联盟——希望联盟① 赢得了议会下议院222个席位中的113席;州立法议会议席竞逐中,经历议员跳槽、政党博弈甚至宪政危机之后,希望联盟一举夺下柔佛、马六甲、森美兰、雪兰莪、霹雳、槟榔屿和吉打7州政权,其盟友沙巴民族复兴党(Warisan)还与民主行动党和人民公正党合作,从国民阵线手中夺下东马两州之一的沙巴州。……
