中国农村扶贫历程与2020年后反贫困趋势及对策
2021-06-22王恒朱玉春
王恒 朱玉春
摘要 新中国成立以来,我国先后经历了救济式扶贫、体制改革式扶贫、开发式扶贫、参与式扶贫和精准扶贫阶段,在实践中逐渐探索出一条具有中国特色的扶贫道路,我国农村贫困人口明显减少,贫困发生率显著下降。2020年后我国农村绝对贫困基本消除,将由绝对收入贫困转向农民工贫困、城市贫困、多维贫困和特殊群体贫困等相对贫困问题。回顾和梳理中国贫困特点、扶贫历程和政策演变,分析中国新时期扶贫面临的新问题与新挑战,有助于为2020年后新时期扶贫政策的制定提供决策参考。
关键词 农村;反贫困;扶贫政策
中图分类号 S-9 文献标识码 A
文章编号 0517-6611(2021)09-0244-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.09.065
Abstract Since the Peoples Republic of China has been founded,China has successively experienced the stages of relief-type poverty alleviation,institutional reform-type poverty alleviation,development-type poverty alleviation,participatory poverty alleviation,and targeted poverty alleviation. In practice,it has gradually explored a poverty alleviation path with Chinese characteristics. Chinas rural poor population was obvious cut down,the incidence of poverty has dropped significantly. After 2020,absolute poverty of rural areas will be basically eliminated in China,and relative poverty will shift from absolute income poverty to migrant worker poverty,urban poverty,multi-dimensional poverty and poverty of special groups. Reviewing and sorting out the characteristics of poverty,poverty alleviation history and policy evolution in China,and analyzing the new problems and challenges facing poverty alleviation in the new era in China will help provide decision-making reference for the formulation of poverty alleviation policies in the new era after 2020.
Key words Countryside;Anti-poverty;Poverty alleviation policy
消除貧困,改善民生,实现共同富裕,是社会主义制度的本质要求和中国经济发展的重要目标[1],也是全面建成小康社会和实现中华民族伟大复兴的必然要求。新中国成立以来,党中央根据不同时期贫困的性质和特点,建立起贫困县、贫困村和贫困户的三级扶贫瞄准机制[2],在不断实践中逐步探索出一条具有鲜明中国特色的农村反贫困道路,我国农村贫困人口大幅度减少,贫困发生率显著下降。特别是党的十八大以来,党中央把精准扶贫工作作为治国理政的基本方略,不断改进扶贫思路和模式,2012—2019年,农村贫困人口从9 899万下降到551万,贫困发生率从10.2%下降到0.6%[3],为打赢脱贫攻坚战和全面建成小康社会奠定了坚实的基础。
2020年我国农村绝对贫困基本消除后,收入差距扩大、城市贫困、多维贫困、特殊群体贫困等相对贫困问题将日益严峻。……
