土壤质量下降因素分析及改良措施
2021-06-17杨显芳
杨显芳


摘 要:该文分析了土壤质量下降的主要因素,包括土壤板结、矿物营养比例失衡、土壤养分利用率降低、病虫草害严重、土壤盐渍化严重等,并提出改善土壤结构、培肥地力的具体措施,包括连续旋耕2年后深耕1年,打破犁底层,加厚熟土层;深耕结合秸秆还田和施有机肥、种植绿肥、配方施用化肥;改进施肥方式,增加土壤有机质、改善土壤理化性质、丰富土壤营养元素,为农作物生长提供良好的土壤基础,确保农业持续增产增收。
关键词:土壤;质量下降;因素;改良措施
中图分类号 S156文献标识码 A文章编号 1007-7731(2021)10-0103-03
Analysis of Factors of Soil Quality Decline and Improvement Measures
YANG Xianfang
(Convenience service center, guguzhai Town, Xinxiang County, Xinxiang 453700, China)
Abstract: This paper analyzed the main factors of soil degradation, including soil harden and mineral nutrition imbalance, controlling insects pests and reduce the soil nutrient utilization ratio, serious soil salinization, etc., and put forward the concrete measures of improving soil structure and enriching the soil fertility, including after 2 years of continuous rotary tillage, plow deeply for 1 year, breaking the bottom of the plough and thicken the mature soil layer, deep tillage combines straw returning to the field and applying organic fertilizer, planting green fertilizer, and applying chemical fertilizer in formula to improve fertilization methods, increasing soil organic matter, improving soil physical and chemical properties, and enriching soil nutrient elements, so as to provide a good soil foundation for crop growth and ensure continuous increase in agricultural production and income.
Key words: Soil; Quality decline; Factors; Improvement measures
土壤由固體、液体和气体3类物质组成。固体物质包括土壤矿物质、有机质和微生物等,液体物质主要指土壤水分,气体是存在于土壤孔隙中的空气。3类物质构成了一个矛盾的统一体,互相联系、互相制约,为作物提供必需的生活条件,是土壤肥力的物质基础。近年来,部分种植大户常年旋耕或免耕,小麦、玉米集约化程度增加,玉米秸秆多作为牛饲草出售,很少使用有机肥,长期大量施用化肥,不重视养地,导致土壤耕层变浅、容重增加,犁底层变硬、厚度增加,表层土壤水分蒸发迅速,使得作物根系发育不良、下扎困难,很难汲取到充足的营养,严重影响农作物的产量和品质。
1 土壤质量下降因素分析
对作物生长有影响的土壤深度为100~120cm,其剖面分为表土层、心土层和底土层,表土层又可分为耕作层和犁底层。耕作层是受耕作、施肥、灌溉影响最强烈的土壤层,厚度20~25cm。……
