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试论敦煌莫高窟十六国至北朝时期覆斗形顶(上)

2021-06-15段媛媛

敦煌研究 2021年2期

内容摘要:本文主要借助迄今考古发现的魏晋墓葬遗存,与莫高窟十六国至北朝时期的十个覆斗形顶洞窟的顶部形态作比较,并就其中一些特征结合文献资料和考古发现,重新审视之前学界对莫高窟早期覆斗形顶的既有看法。对覆斗形顶在北朝以前存在于中国的轨迹给予关注,并对其中一些细节进行追究,以期为最终较客观地还原莫高窟覆斗顶方案的最初建造意图提供些许线索。

关键词:莫高窟;北朝;覆斗形顶;晋墓;藻井

中图分类号:K879.21  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1000-4106(2021)02-0085-12

A Study on the Truncated Pyramidal Ceilings of Mogao Caves during

the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Northern Dynasties(Ⅰ)

—The Truncated Pyramidal Ceilings of Mogao Caves and the

Jin Dynasty Tomb Ceilings

DUAN Yuanyuan

(Institute for Art History of East Asia, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69117, Germany)

Abstract:This paper uses archaeological discoveries of the remains of tombs from the Wei and Jin dynasties to conduct a comparative study with the ten truncated pyramidal ceilings in the caves at Mogao constructed between the Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern Dynasties periods. By concentrating on significant details from relevant written records and archeological finds, the author presents a detailed architectural analysis of the central ceiling patterns and responds to several entrenched understandings of the truncated pyramidal ceilings of Mogao caves. Finally, the author draws attention to the existence of truncated quadrangular pyramidal ceilings in China prior to the Northern Dynasties period and explores the original intentions that may have led to the design and production of this ceiling pattern at the earliest stage of its development.

Keywords:Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes; Northern Dynasties; truncated pyramidal ceilings; Jin dynasty tombs; central ceiling

據《敦煌石窟内容总录》,初建于十六国至北朝时期、至今仍保存较完整的覆斗形顶洞窟共有10个:第272、249、285、461、294、296、297、299、301、438窟[1],约占同期现存43个洞窟的四分之一,是随后隋唐时代大量出现覆斗顶窟的最初样式,颇为珍贵。本文试将敦煌莫高窟十六国至北朝时期的这十个覆斗顶窟整合在一起予以讨论(表1),并尽可能收集迄今发现的相关实物遗存与之比对,就敦煌早期“覆斗形顶”再做一些探讨。对之前学界的一些说法提出疑虑,还望前辈们不吝赐教。

借助表1的整合,首先可以看出十六国至北朝时期莫高窟覆斗形顶的两个基本特征:一是顶部中央大多设置方井凹陷{1}:模拟中国传统木构建筑中“方井抹角叠置”的藻井构件[2];二是藻井四披平直“呈斜坡状,形如倒斗”的形态[3]。这两点特征可作为讨论莫高窟十六国北朝覆斗形顶的起点。

在进入讨论之前,有必要对这里所用的“藻井”一词再作些说明。……

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