内容摘要：西明寺是唐代长安的重要寺院，西明系统的高僧大德辈出，所属宗派往往以禅宗、律宗、法相唯识宗者居多。同时，在西明系玄奘的许多弟子中，相当一部分门人弟子以“大乘”冠名，如大乘光、大乘灯等。这些大乘称号与大乘佛教为主体的文化之间有何关系，与玄奘本人有何关联，同样，莫高窟中的供养人题记中亦有大乘禅者等。本文以大乘沙门与大乘禅者为核心，讨论两者的关系与学术链接，试图对该称呼的源头来源及彼此的关联得出进展性结论。

关键词：长安;敦煌;西明寺;大乘沙门;莫高窟;大乘禅者

中图分类号：B949;K870.6  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）02-0021-07

Between Changan and Dunhuang Mahayana Monks in the

Ximing Temple and Dunhuang Sages in the Mogao Caves

ZHAN Ru

（Department of South Asian Studies， Peking University， Beijing 100871）

Abstract：The Ximing Temple was an important Temple in Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty. Various eminent monks came from the Ximing branch of Buddhism， many of whom were masters of the Chan， Vinaya， “Idealistic” （Dharma Character School） and Dharmalaksana schools of Buddhist thought. Among the numerous disciples of Xuan Zang from the Ximing branch， many were inclined to use“Mahayana” as part of their title， such as “Mahayana Guang” and “Mahayana Deng.” What is the relation between these titles and Mahayana culture; is there any relation between these titles and Xuan Zang himself ？Focusing on the Mahayana monks and Mahayana Chan practitioners of Dunhuang， regarding which historical record can be found in the inscriptions of donors in the Mogao caves， this paper discusses the relation between these two groups of practitioners as well as the academic links that connect them， and attempts to reach a conclusion about the origins of their titles and the level of connectivity between the two groups.

Keywords：Changan; Dunhuang; Ximing Temple; Mahayana monks; Mogao caves; Mahayana Chan practitioners

（Translated by WANG Pingxian）

引 言

本文以玄奘弟子中的“大乘”称号为切入点，连结莫高窟的“大乘贤者”称号，探讨大乘称号在唐代佛教史中的意义。随着时间推移，佛弟子将佛陀的教导分为大乘和小乘，大乘是相对于小乘而言，指其教义与修行更深广。这种义理划分上的大小，到唐代的求法僧玄奘身上，具有政治和宗教双重意义，且可能为禅宗的兴起提供了身份标识。

玄奘相关的研究成果车载斗量，黄夏年的《百年玄奘研究综述》[1]、白杨的《玄奘研究综述 （1994—2007）》[2]、赵欢的《近五年玄奘研究综述（2008—2013）》[3]等文稿，对近百年来研究玄奘的成果进行综述。这些综述中，其中提及“大乘”称号的专项研究寥寥无几。1999年杜文玉的《唐慈恩寺普光法师墓志考释》，认为“大乘光”的称号是对普光为译经所做贡献给予的尊称[4]，2005年王亚荣《玄奘译场助译僧考述》，指出除了“大乘光”和“大乘基”之外;玄奘门下还有为数众多的“大乘”称号[5]。……