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敦煌执扇弥勒菩萨图像考

2021-06-15郭俊叶

敦煌研究 2021年2期

内容摘要:敦煌石窟中有一些手执扇子、结跏而坐的菩萨图像,以往学界对其定名各有不同。通过考察,笔者认为这种造型的菩萨应是弥勒菩萨,与现藏日本清凉寺的弥勒菩萨图源头一致,是属于北宋画家高文进的创作。

关键词:敦煌石窟;执扇弥勒菩萨;高文进

中图分类号:K870.6  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1000-4106(2021)02-0072-13

Study on the Image of Maitreya Bodhisattva Holding a Fan

in Dunhuang Murals

GUO Junye

(Textual Research Institute, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030)

Abstract:There are several images of bodhisattvas sitting in the lotus position and holding fans in Dunhuang murals that have been identified in various ways by scholars. Some scholars believe these figures to represent Indra while others think they are regular bodhisattvas. Close examination of these images suggests that these figures can be identified as Maitreya Bodhisattva, as they share the same source with other images of Maitreya bodhisattva found in Qingliang Temple in Japan. This specific form of representation was created by Gao Wenjin, a painter of the Northern Song dynasty.

Keywords:Dunhuang Grottoes; Maitreya Bodhisattva holding a fan; Gao Wenjin

彌勒,梵文Maitreya,音译为梅呾丽耶、梅怛丽药、弥帝隶等,意译慈氏,是菩萨之姓,其名为阿逸多,意译无胜、无能胜,弥勒为最常见称呼。弥勒生于南天竺婆罗门家,为一生补处菩萨,未来将继释迦如来佛位。原为佛弟子,先佛入灭,生于兜率天内院,经四千岁(即人间五十六亿七千万岁),未来世儴佉转轮圣王时,下生人间,于华林园龙华树下成正觉。弥勒下生于王之大臣妙梵家,一如释迦佛的出生,也是右胁出生、步步生莲、指天指地、九龙灌顶、具三十二相八十种好等。弥勒值遇佛而修得慈心三昧,故称慈氏,乃至成佛,名弥勒佛。

在敦煌,十六国时期北凉修建的第268、275窟就出现了交脚弥勒像,第275窟的弥勒,头戴三珠宝冠,颈部饰项圈,腰系罗裙,旁边两瑞兽象征狮子座。云冈石窟出现了较多的交脚弥勒菩萨像,其中第18窟的弥勒戴化佛高冠。冠顶上部以圆圈纹装饰,第17、35窟的弥勒也戴高冠。现藏法国赛努奇博物馆(Musee cernuschi)的一尊云冈弥勒菩萨,交脚坐,头戴三叶莲花宝冠。就经变画来说,河南北齐天保年间建造的小南海石窟,在中窟与东窟中,均雕刻弥勒说法图,弥勒结跏趺坐,画面较简单,是国内现存最早的弥勒经变画。……

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