陕西宜川北宋贺家沟佛爷洞石窟调查与初步研究
2021-06-15石建刚杨军白小龙
石建刚 杨军 白小龙



内容摘要:贺家沟佛爷洞石窟,创建于北宋崇宁二、三年间,是由以本地功德主狄文顺为首的多个存在一定亲缘关系的家庭共同出资开凿的,是一座民间性公共佛堂。洞窟现存29龛(组)造像和21条题记,造像水平较高,内容丰富,且出现了自在坐观音(附取经图像)、地藏与天藏、地狱十王等较为重要的造像题材,为研究唐宋时期陕西佛教艺术提供了重要的实物资料。
关键词:贺家沟佛爷洞石窟;陕北宋金石窟;取经图像;地狱变
中图分类号:K879.29 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2021)02-0050-13
Preliminary Research and Investigation of Foyedong Cave at Hejiagou
in Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province
SHI Jiangang1 YANG Jun2 BAI Xiaolong3
(1. Institute of Cultural Heritage, NWPU, Xian, Shaanxi 710012;2. Luochuan County Museum, Luochuan, Shaanxi 610100;
3. Yan'an Cultural Relics Research Institute, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000)
Abstract:Foyedong Cave at Hejiagou was constructed to be an open, public Buddhist temple, the funding and organization of the project was conducted jointly by several families and headed by the local patron Di Wenshun in the second and third years of the Chongning era of the Northern Song dynasty. To date, there are 29 niches(or groups of niches) containing statues and 21 inscriptions in the cave; the statues evince a high level of technique and a variety of themes. Some of these themes, such as Avalokiteshvara, which is accompanied by a scene depicting a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures, Kistigarbha and Tianzang, and the Ten Kings of Hell, all provide important material for studying the Buddhist art of Shaanxi province during the Tang and Song dynasties.
Keywords:Foyedong Cave at Hejiagou; caves of the Song and Jin dynasties in north Shaanxi; illustration of a pilgrimage to retrieve sutras; illustration of the hell
賀家沟佛爷洞石窟,位于陕西省宜川县寿峰乡薛家坪新村西南3500m处的山崖上。此处原是贺家沟小组(已废)所在地,窟前有白水川支流贺家河(图1)。贺家沟佛爷洞石窟为小型单窟(图2),坐北面南,窟前1m处测得地理坐标为北纬35°52′15.1″、东经110°11′31.5″,海拔1241m。
贺家沟佛爷洞石窟规模不大,造像和题记保存较好,有取经图、地狱十王、天藏菩萨等,对研究唐宋时期陕西佛教艺术具有一定的价值。1984年发现以来[1],仅2017年出版的《陕西石窟内容总录·延安卷》[2]对其内容作了简要介绍,另有李静杰[3]4、石建刚[5]对其部分造像和题记有所讨论。鉴于此,我们于2018年7月、2019年10月对该窟进行了详细调查。在详细调查的基础上,对石窟造像题材、造像工匠、功德主等进行系统梳理,不当之处,敬请方家教正。
一 洞窟内容
(一)洞窟形制
石窟开凿于黄砂岩崖壁上,距离河床高约20m。窟口外为经人工凿平的壁面,壁面底部开凿窟室。窟口外崖壁顶部有坍塌,窟口外两侧崖壁各有圆形小柱孔数个。……
