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敦煌回鹘语头韵诗及其格律特征

2021-06-15杨富学叶凯歌

敦煌研究 2021年2期

杨富学 叶凯歌

内容摘要:敦煌发现的回鹘语头韵作品数量很多,而且涉及内容也十分广泛,不仅回鹘民间文学、宗教诗歌采用头韵诗形式,而且出现于佛事文献中,诸如回鹘文题记、写经尾跋之中,更有甚者,回鹘人在翻译佛经时,也常常把原本为散文体的著作也改用头韵诗形式表述,独具一格。所谓头韵,就是诗歌前一句和后一句的首个词语或音节全部押韵。究其源头,当来源于蒙古高原发现的突厥卢尼文碑铭,更加普及化、个性化,而且又影响到后世阿尔泰语系的多种语言。

关键词:敦煌文献;回鹘语;头韵诗;格律

中图分类号:H211.4;G256.1  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1000-4106(2021)02-0032-09

Alliterative Uighur Poetry from Dunhuang and the Features of Its Meter

YANG Fuxue1,2 YE Kaige1

(1. Institute of Dunhuang Studies, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020;

2. Division of Humanities Studies, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030)

Abstract:There is a large amount of alliterative Uighur poetry found among the historical documents of Dunhuang. The use of alliteration in Uighur documents is not only limited to folk literature and religious poetry, but also appears in Buddhist documents, particularly in the prologues and postscripts of Buddhist scriptures. Furthermore, ancient Uighur peoples often used the alliterative form when translating Buddhist scriptures, which was highly unique for the time. The type of alliterative meter used in these texts is somewhat unique as well: the first words or syllables of the first sentence in a poem or text rhyme with that of the second sentence. The history of this form can be traced to the runic inscriptions in Old Turkic found in the Mongolian Plateau. The meter used by these inscriptions gradually became popularized throughout the region, was adopted and individualized by disparate local cultures, and ultimately exerted an influence on many Altaic languages.

Keywords:Dunhuang manuscripts; Uighur language; alliterative poetry; metrical pattern

回鶻文是以回鹘为代表的北方突厥民族所使用的一种文字,在宋元时代广泛流行于河西走廊、西域、中亚等地,其中以吐鲁番、敦煌的发现最为集中。敦煌所出回鹘语文献属于早期的,多出自敦煌莫高窟藏经洞(第17窟),晚期部分则出自元代第464、465等洞窟。这些文献有一个共同特点,就是讲究头韵,这是回鹘文献有别于其他的一个显著特点。本文拟以敦煌出土回鹘文文献为依据,就回鹘头韵诗的若干问题略作探讨。

一 敦煌回鹘头韵诗之格律及其来源

今天所见的回鹘文头韵诗,莫高窟藏经洞所出Or. 8212-119写本时代早(大体为9—11世纪)且保存完好而为学界所关注,对研究早期回鹘诗歌的头韵颇具典型性[1][2]。该诗计有12行,实为一首三段诗,每段有三句,更加直观地体现诗歌的格律,现将12行文字略做调整如下:

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