范娟娟

提 要 老年人口流动现象已成为社会常态，但学界对老年流动人口语言状况的研究较少。对在京非务工经商型老年流动人口的语言能力、语言使用、语言态度、社会认同进行调查及访谈，发现融入北京意愿、受教育程度、学说普通话的起始时间对老年流动人口的语言能力有显著的预测作用。老年流动人口来京后，语言能力显著高于来京前，在各种场域中使用普通话的频率都有所增高。老年流动人口对“乡音”的情感已经与普通话无明显差别。在京老年流动人口有其独特的语言特质，社会融入度与其普通话测试水平呈反向关系，而语言态度、身份认同度、来京时长则无显著影响。来京后的老年流动人口有着一致的语言认同，有共同遵守的语言规范，初步形成老年流动人口言语社区;城城流动与乡城流动形成了老年流动人口的子社区及相应的子言语社区。

关键词 老年流动人口;语言能力;语言态度;语言使用;言语社区

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）03-0055-13

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210305

A Survey on the Language of the Elderly Migrants in Beijing

Fan Juanjuan

Abstract The phenomenon of migration and mobility of the elderly has become a social norm， but there are few studies on the language status of the elderly migrants. This paper investigates the language ability， language use， language attitude and social identity of elderly migrants who are not working or doing business in Beijing. The data are analyzed by regression analysis. The data show that social integration， the education level， and the beginning time of learning Putonghua have a significant predictive effect on the language ability of the elderly migrants. The language ability of the elderly migrants after coming to Beijing is significantly higher than that before coming to Beijing. The frequency of using Putonghua in all fields has increased. There is no obvious difference in emotion towards the dialect and the Putonghua. The analysis shows that the elderly migrants has unique language characteristics. After coming to Beijing， the elderly migrants show high consistency in language attitude and language use， and has initially formed a new speech community. The urban-urban flow and the rural-urban flow form the sub community of the elderly migrants.

Key words elderly migrants; language ability; language attitude; language use; speech community

一、問题的提出

中国老年人口持续增长，其中一部分处于流动状态。据《中国流动人口发展报告2018》，2000年老年流动人口规模为503万，2015年增加至1304万，年均增长6.6%。显然，老年人口流动现象已成为社会常态。

老年流动人口兼具老龄化和流动性两种特性。针对老年人口迁移现象，国外学者构建了生命周期理论和“推拉”理论等（Litwak & Longino 1987;McLeod et al. 1984）。国内学者主要从人口学、社会学、心理学等角度对老年流动人……