提 要 随着中国城市化进程的不断推进，城市中的流动人口规模迅速扩大。虽然他们多从事与工业和服务业相关的工作，但户籍上登记的身份仍是“农民”，因此传统上常被称为“农民工”。然而，许多人并不认可这一身份称谓，认为它反映出城乡流动人口在城市中的艰难处境。对北京东部一个流动人口社区的民族志田野调查发现，城乡劳动力人群在努力摆脱“农民工”这一称谓，他们的子女对城市具有较高的认同，但是他们常常被社会以多种方式进行区隔。对其语言使用和身份认同进行社会语言学研究，探讨城乡劳动力人口的“工人”身份构建，可以看出深度城市化是经济文化发展的必由之路。虽然流动人口返乡进行新农村建设是城乡发展的一个方面，但是对于大部分选择留在城市的人们来说，劳动力人口的市民化以及进城务工人员的工人身份构建成为城市发展的重要命题。从“农民工”到工人，城乡流动人口自身和整个社会都还有很长的路要走。

关键词 城市化;农民工;语言身份认同;民族志田野调查

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）03-0025-10

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210302

From “Peasant Workers” to Workers： Migrant Workers Identity in Urbanization

Dong Jie

Abstract In the process of Chinas urbanization， the migrant population increases rapidly and immigrants of various kinds have received much attention in the past few decades. This study focuses on low-skilled immigrants or migrant workers in Beijing. Although migrant workers are mostly employed in industrial and services sectors， many of them are registered as “peasants” in Hukou （the household registration system）， and therefore are usually labeled as “peasant workers”. However， some believe that the term is inappropriate and point out that it reflects their difficult situation in the urban settings. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a Beijing urban village， this study collects and analyzes linguistic landscape data， interview transcripts， and observation diaries， and discusses migrant workers identity construction through their language use. The research finds that the migrant workers made efforts to shrug off the unwanted identity label of “peasant workers” and their children demonstrated strong identification with the urban society. However， they are treated differently from urban citizens in many ways and have a long way to go before they are recognized as true workers.

Key words urbanization; peasant workers; discursive identity construction; ethnographic fieldwork

一、引 言

改革開放以来，随着中国城市化发展进程的不断加深，城市流动人口规模迅速扩大。国家统计局发布的监测数据显示，2019年中国进城务工人员达到2.9亿，占全部劳动人口的三分之一以上。当前的进城务工人员大多数在第二和第三产业就业，具有在城市中生活时间较长、在城市建立家庭并养育子女等特点，早已不是20世纪八九十年代农业人口农闲时进城务工、农忙时回乡耕种的“农民工”了。……