郭云忠 胡杰 李思娟 李文文 闫明杰 胡小平

摘要：采用倒置“W”9 点取样法对陕西关中冬小麦田杂草进行调查，分析麦田杂草的种类组成、出苗规律和群落结构。结果表明，关中灌区小麦田杂草有15种，隶属15属8科，形成播娘蒿+荠菜+婆婆纳+猪殃殃+节节麦+野燕麦+麦家公为主的杂草群落，在这个群落中发生优势度大的杂草为播娘蒿、荠菜、婆婆纳、猪殃殃、节节麦。这些杂草在小麦3～4叶期已有91%以上出土，是藥剂防治的最佳窗口期。比较各地的杂草群落，杨凌、武功、眉县、临潼、兴平、扶风等6个县（市、区）杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度较高。根据关中灌区麦田杂草群落结构，宜选择唑草酮、双氟磺草胺和甲基二磺隆3种除草剂搭配除草。

关键词：关中灌区;麦田杂草;群落特征;种群多样性;除草剂

中图分类号：S451.1  文献标志码：A  文章编号：1003-935X（2021）03-0021-07

Abstract：Wheat fields in Guanzhong irrigation area were surveyed according to the inverted “W” 9-point sampling method to determine weed species composition，emergence regularity and community structure. There were 15 species of weeds in wheat fields belonging to 15 genera and 8 families，which formed a weed community mainly composed of Descurainia sophia，Capsella bursa-pastoris，Veronica didyma，Galium aparine，Aegilops tauschii，Avena fatua，Buglossoides arvense，and Lamium amplexicaule. Weeds with great dominance in this community were D. sophia，C. bursa-pastoris，V. didyma，G. aparine，A. tauschii. These weeds were emerged along with and subsequently after wheat;and more than 91% of the weeds had emerged at the 3～4 leaf stage of wheat，in mid-November，which corresponded to the best time for chemical control. Comparing the weed communities among different locations，those from Yangling，Wugong，Meixian，Lintong，Xingping and Fufeng had high species richness，diversity and evenness. According to the community structure of weeds in wheat fields of Guanzhong irrigation area，three herbicides，namely，carfentrazone-ethyl，florasulam and metsulfuron-methyl are suitable for selective weed control.

Key words：Guanzhong irrigation area;weeds in wheat fields;community characteristics;population diversity;herbicide

关中平原是陕西省小麦的主产区和优势生产区，这里地势平坦、土壤肥沃、光照充足、雨水较多，且多数地区具备灌溉条件。优越的地理和气候条件也极利于杂草的生长，早期调查发现，陕西省麦田杂草种类多达47属74种[1]，严重与小麦争水、争肥、争阳光、争空间，成为影响小麦生长和产量的重要因素。随着关中灌区玉米秸秆粉碎还田、有机肥施用量匮乏、常发性病虫害增加、杂草抗药性出现等对耕作栽培方式的影响，杂草群落已发生了明显变化[2-5]。

化学除草省工、省力、省时、高效。因此麦田化学除草，无疑是麦田杂草防除最适宜的手段，特别是目前在农村劳动力较为缺乏情况下，化学除草变得更为迫切。……