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北京山桃开花期变化及其气候影响因子分析

2020-10-12董宛麟王林鹏房志玲王晓晨李超潘学标

农学学报 2020年9期

董宛麟 王林鹏 房志玲 王晓晨 李超 潘学标

摘  要:为了给植被开花期预报和气候变化的生态影响评估提供科学依据,笔者利用1951—2004年北京颐和园山桃开花期观测资料,分析山桃开花期年际、年代际变化和影响其的气候因子。结果表明:山桃多年平均开花期为3月26日,年际间呈显著提前趋势。山桃开花期的转折点在1980s,1980s后呈显著提前趋势(P<0.01),较1950s—1970s平均提前6天。山桃10年平均、最晚、最早开花期均显著提前,尤其是2000年以后山桃的平均、最晚、最早开花期,较1951—1990年分别提前14天、14天、16天。影响山桃开花期时间最主要的是从当年1月1日到山桃开花期的平均气温。1980s开始影响山桃开花期显著提前的主要气候因子是时间段内(冬、春季)平均气温的升高。

关键词:山桃;物候;开花期;温度;降水;年代际;气候因子

中图分类号:S1-6    文献标志码:A    论文编号:cjas20190700116

Abstract: To provide a basis for the forecast of blooming stage and the ecological impact assessment of climate change, based on the observation data of Prunus davidiana at blooming stage in the Summer Palace in Beijing from 1951 to 2004, we analyzed the interannual and inter-decadal change of the blooming period of Prunus davidiana and the influencing climate factors. The results showed that: the average blooming date of Prunus davidiana was March 26, and there was a significant advance trend among the years; the turning point of the blooming period of Prunus davidiana was in 1980s, with a significant advance trend (P<0.01) after 1980s, which was 6 days earlier during 1980s-2000s than that during 1950s-1970s; the average, latest and earliest blooming period of Prunus davidiana of 10 years were all significantly advanced, especially after 2000, 14 days, 14 days and 16 days earlier, respectively, compared with those of 1951-1990; the average air temperature from 1 January to the blooming period was the main factor affecting the blooming date of Prunus davidiana; the increase of average air temperature (in winter and spring) before blooming was the main climate factor which significantly promoted the blooming of Prunus davidiana after 1980s.

Keywords: Prunus davidiana; Phenology; Blooming Stage; Temperature; Precipitation; Inter-decadal Variation; Climate Factor

0  引言

植被是自然生态系统中最活跃的因子,植被物候是自然环境中动植物生命活动的季节性现象,能够指示自然环境中的某些气象、水文变化,同时也受生态环境变化的影响。植物物候现象是过去和现在各种环境因素的综合反映,而物候现象出现的日期在很大程度上受局部气候因素的制约。

以变暖为主要特征的气候变化对植被生长发育产生了重大影响[1-2]。华北地区是中国气温上升较为明显地区[3],且太阳总辐射呈现明显的下降趋势[4],这都对植被物候产生重要影响[5-6]。由于温度的升高,有385种植物的始花期在过去的40年中提前了4.5天[7]。研究表明,华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成此变化的主要因素是本地区近40年来冬春季气温的明显上升,北京1963—2003年间1—3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11天和10天[8]。而在中纬度地区,植物的春季物候(如發芽、开花期)主要取决于气温的高低,日照时间其次,降水对植物物候期的影响有滞后作用[9]。……

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