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云冈石窟第三期洞窟图像组合分析

2020-09-22王友奎

敦煌研究 2020年3期

内容摘要:云冈第三期洞窟均为中小型方形窟,可分为三壁三龛、侧壁双层龛、三壁多层多龛等形式。龛像配置更多采用横向组合,重视对称构图。尽管图像布局富于变化,但第二期流行的法华与弥勒图像仍为基本组合元素,其造像思想与第二期洞窟一脉相承。

关键词:云冈第三期洞窟;图像组合;弥勒信仰;法华经

中图分类号:K879.22  文献标识码:A  文章编号:1000-4106(2020)03-0048-15

Combinatorial Analysis of Images in the Third Period of

the Yungang Grottoes

WANG Youkui

(Editorial Department, Dunhuang Academy, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030; Department of Art,

University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan)

Abstract: Of the various periods of cave construction at Yungang, the caves of the third period consist of small and medium-sized caves made according to a square plan that could be divided into various forms, such as three niches on each of three walls, double niches in the side walls, or multiple niches with multiple tiers on each of the three walls. As for the configuration of images within the niches, the most common layout was a horizontally organized series with careful attention to symmetry. Although the layout of both images and niche distribution varied, it can be seen that images combining the thought of the Saddharmapundarika Sutra with the Maitreya belief popular at the time of the second period of cave construction remained the main elements of composition.

Keywords: third period caves of Yungang; image combination; Maitrya belief; Lotus Sūtra

云冈石窟第三期洞窟,包括崖面西端编号第21至45窟的中型洞窟及穿插其間的大量小型洞窟、第5、6、11—13窟外壁窟龛、龙王沟西侧崖壁诸窟,以及第4、14、15、16-1窟等{1}。这些洞窟大体开凿于太和十八年(494)孝文帝迁都洛阳之后的北魏晚期。以往学界对云冈石窟的研究集中于第一、二期诸窟,关于第三期洞窟的研究相对薄弱。水野清一、长广敏雄先生于20世纪50年代出版的云冈石窟系列考古报告中,对第20窟以西诸窟的记录较为简略[1]。至70年代,宿白先生在论述云冈石窟分期时,曾以图表形式梳理第三期部分洞窟图像组合,但未展开分析[2]。八木春生先生较早就云冈第三期洞窟开展专门讨论,其研究着眼于样式比较、图像布局及其与前期洞窟关系,为深入探讨本期洞窟图像思想提供了重要线索[3,4]。衣丽都女士依据云冈第三期洞窟造像风格特征进行分组排年,并讨论了与洛阳龙门石窟、山西部分小石窟等之间的关系{2}。近年来,熊坂聪美、因幡聪美女士致力于云冈第三期洞窟的研究,就该期部分窟龛进行了细致分析[5,6]。……

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