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定语从句常见错误解析

2020-09-10程明华

考试与评价·高二版 2020年2期
关键词:限制性先行代词

程明华

定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who,whom, whose, that, which, as等,在从句中做主语、宾语或定语等;关系副词有when,where, why,在从句中做状语。在语法填空和短文改错等题型中均涉及对定语从句的考查。其用法比较复杂,使用时很容易出错。本文对定语从句的常见错误加以解析,以期对同学们有所帮助。

一、关系词之间的混用

1. 关系代词与关系副词的混用

例1: I've never heard of such a sport

___ participants who use the most time are awarded gold medals.

A. as       B. which

C. whose       D. where

【解析】句意:我从来没有听说过这样一种运动,在这种运动中,用时最多的参赛者得到金牌。先行词such a sport在定语从句中充当地点状语,用where引导定语从句,where=in which。故选D。

【结论】 关系词的选择是看先行词在从句中所充当的成分,如果充当主语、宾语或定语用关系代词;做状语用关系副词。

近年来,高考题对于where引导定语从句的考查趋于复杂化,先行词从 “明显的地点”转化为“模糊的地点”。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage和point,或表达某事的某个方面时,都可用where这个关系副词。

例2:Their child is at the stage ___ she can say individual words but not full sentences.

A. why       B. where

C. which       D. what

【解析】 句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是定语从句,先行词the stage在从句中做地点状语,用关系副词where,故选B。

例3: She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other.

A. which       B. where

C. what       D. who

【解析】分析句子结构可知, ___ allows them to communicate freely with each other修饰先行词atmosphere,允许他们互相自由交流的气氛,且从句中缺少主语,故选A。而不要想当然地认为定语从句前的名词her students就是先行词,误选D。句意:她拥有为她的学生创造一种允许他们相互自由交流的气氛的天赋。

【结论】定语从句往往紧跟在先行词之后,但有时会被其他成分分离,应结合具体语境找出先行词。如:Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship.先行词student和定语从句被介词短语“in his class”隔开,汤姆是他班里第一个获得奖学金的学生。

例4: Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ___ life has developed gradually.

A. that       B. where

C. which       D. whose

【解析】 斯蒂芬·霍金認为地球不可能是唯一的生命逐渐发展的星球。___ life has developed gradually修饰先行词the only planet,先行词在从句中充当地点状语,所以选B项,where引导定语从句,相当于in which。如果选whose,就是星球的生命在逐渐发展,而不是地球上的生命体,这与常识相矛盾。

【结论】 关系词的选择要结合具体的语境和常识。

2. 关系代词which和whose的混用

例1: Look! The dictionary, ___ is red, is a birthday gift given by his father.

A. which cover

B. the cover of which

C. whose the cover

D. that the cover

【解析】 句意:看!红色封皮的字典是他父亲给他的生日礼物。字典与封皮是所属关系,所以用whose做定语来修饰cover,中间不能加the, C项是错误的。答案B项等于whose cover。

【结论】 关系代词which 在定语从句中做主语或宾语,而关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语,两者可以互换:the cover of which=of which the cover=whose cover。

例2: When the Spring Festival comes, there are many “sales” in my city, during ___ time stores will lower their normal prices.

A. whose       B. that

C. which       D. its

【解析】 句意:当春节来临时,城里会有很多促销活动,那时店铺往往会降低正常的价格。which time 指代先行词the Spring Festival,前面加介词during,表示在“春节期间”,during which time在从句中做时间状语,故选C。

【结论】 whose在定语从句中做定语,翻译成“……的”;which在定语从句中除了做主语或宾语外,还可以做定语,翻译成“那个(种)”。例如:

I may have to work late, in which case I'll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班,那样我会打电话的。

3. 只可以用关系代词that的地方混用了其他关系代词

例: You may search on the Internet for professors and their courses about the university ___ may interest you.

【解析】 句意:你可以在网上搜索这所大学中你可能感兴趣的教授和他们的课程信息。分析句子结构可知,先行词为professors and their courses,既有人又有物,且在从句中做主语,关系词中只有that能满足这个要求,故填that。

【结论】 当先行词既包括人又包括物时,关系代词只能用that。另外,当先行词是all, something, everything, anything等不定代词时或者先行词被the only, the very, all, much, little, few, any等修饰或被形容词的最高级、序数词修饰时,关系代词只能用that。

4. 不能用关系代词that的地方误用了that

例: Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.

A. this       B. that

C. what       D. which

【解析】 句意:Ted仅穿着短裤和T恤来过周末,在这种天气下这样做真愚蠢。___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather 是非限制性定语从句,该从句缺主语,选项A和选项C不能引导定语从句,选项B不能引导非限制性定语从句,故答案选D,which指代主句所表达的含义。

【结论】 非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。此外,在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,也不能用that。

二、人称代词与关系代词的混用

例1:My father bought me several books, but ___ was interesting.

A. most of them B. none of them

C. none of which D. that

【解析】句意:父亲给我买了几本书,但没有一本有趣。该句是由but连接的并列句,而不是非限制性定语从句。but后面的句子少主语,所以选B。若将but去掉,本题就成了“不定代词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句,这时就要选C。

例2:English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ___ uses it somewhat differently .

A. which       B. what

C. them       D. those

【解析】英语是一种被多种文化分享的语言,每一种文化在使用它时都有某些不同。分析句子结构可知,each of ___ uses it somewhat differently是非限制性定语从句,从句中缺主语,所以要用which代替cultures,故选A。

【结论】 非限制性定语从句和主句要用逗号分开,而不用连词或分号。

三、关系词的漏用

例1: We are in a difficult situation,

___ we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors.

A. if       B. where

C. where if       D. if where

【解析】 句意:我們现在处于如果不开发新产品就会关门的艰难处境中。___ we do not develop new products, we will end up closing our doors是非限制性定语从句,对先行词a difficult situation进行补充说明。先行词在从句中做地点状语,用where引导,不可以省略;同时定语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句,故选C。

【结论】 引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词常不可以省略。

但是在限制性定语从句中,做宾语的关系代词可以省略。例如:

The professor (that / who / whom) you wish to see has come. 如果把介词置于关系代词之前,形成“介词+关系代词”引导定语从例句,此时做介词宾语的关系代词不可省略。例如:This is the camera with which he often takes photos.

四、成分重复

例:(改错题) Could you show me the computer you want to have it repaired?

【解析】句意:你能给我看看你要修的电脑吗?you want to have repaired 是定语从句,修饰 computer,关系代词that或which指代 computer,做have(使,让)的宾语,被省略了。所以答案是划掉it。如果不划掉it,那就和that或which重复了。

【结论】 关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中所代替的部分,不可在从句中再出现。

五、主谓不一致

例1:(改错题) 1. The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draws lots of visitors every year.

例2:(改错题) 2. The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that are seen from the moon.

【解析】 错题1中的关系代词that是指代buildings,从句中的谓语应该用复数,所以draws去掉s。句意:长城是每年吸引很多游客的世界著名建筑物之一。错题2的先行词是the only one,所以定语从句谓语用单数形式,将are改为is。句意:长城是唯一一个从月球上被看得到的地球上的建筑物。

【结论】关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。另外,如果先行词指代整个主句,定语从句的谓语动词也用单数。如:He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.

六、定语从句与其他从句的混用

1. 定语从句与名词性从句的混用

例1:I'm interested in ___ you have said.

A. all that     B. all what

C. that       D. which

【解析】 what只能引导名词性从句,不能引导定语从句。that引导定语从句,修饰先行词all,故选A。该句可以改成:I'm interested in what you have said.,what从句充当介词in的宾语。

例2:(语法填空) ___ is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.

【解析】 该题前后两个句子没有连接词,结合语境可知,第一句为定语从句,空格处需要一个能充当从句主语且指代主句所表达含义的关系代词,又因在句首,只能用as且要大写。该题可改成:It is known to all that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.,it是形式主语,that从句为主语从句;也可改成:What is known to all is that the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life., what is known to all 是主语从句,that引导表语从句。

例3:Most people have no idea ___the words they use affect their feelings, experiences and behavior.

A. what       B. which

C. who       D. that

【解析】 idea后的从句可能是定语从句,也可能是同位语从句。定语从句是对先行词进行修饰限制,而同位语从句是对前面的名词作进一步解释,说明其内容。根据句意,该题是同位语从句,且从句不缺少句子成分。what, which和who在同位语从句中要充当某一成分,而that引导同位语从句时,不充当句子成分,故选D。

2. 定语从句与状语从句的混用

例:Here is so difficult a problem ___ none of us can solve.

A. which       B. that

C. as       D. what

【解析】 如果先行词被the same, such, as, so所修饰,先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等时,则用关系代词as引导定语从句。none of us can solve缺少宾语,其先行词又被so修饰,故选C项,as充当solve的宾语。如果选that,该句就是so... that 句型,that从句不能缺少成分,所以solve要加上it。句意:这是一道我们都不能解决的难题。

3. 定语从句与强调句型的混用

例1: Is it that museum ___ they'd like to visit during their trip to Japan?

A. that       B. which

C. where       D. as

【解析】强调句的结构是:It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子其他成分。判断强调句的基本方法是:去掉It is/was 和空格,句子是完整的;否则就不是。本题去掉It is/was 和空格后,句子是完整的,所以是强调句型,故选A。句意:他们在日本旅行期间想参观的是那家博物馆吗?

例2: It was April 29, 2011 ___ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

A. that       B. when

C. since       D. before

【解析】 去掉It was 和空格,句子不完整,April 29, 2011前要加介詞on,所以本句不是强调句。April 29, 2011为定语从句的先行词,定语从句缺少时间状语,故答案选B。句意:2011年4月29日,威廉王子与凯特·米德尔顿步入了婚礼殿堂。

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