莫太齐 莫太林

摘要：从行政官僚化角度看，封建制到郡县制的实质转变是以官僚政治取代贵族政治。着眼于封建制到家产官僚制这一历史转变，本文揭露了封建制与郡县制在文化精神与制度上的本质差异，并在此基础上重点分析了家产官僚制及其相应的制度安排。韦伯所呈现的中国图像是以家产官僚制为核心的帝国体制。该体制高度重视行政安全而导致制度设计上呈现复杂的分权制衡，致使在繁密的制度中带来了以皇权为中心的集权效应，也必然降低地方政权的行政效率。故此，帝国面临“有限集权与粗放行政”的困境，其科举制诱导并强化了士人阶层间的利益竞争，降低了士人的道德自律，进而也变相地增强了科举制的社会整合功能。而家产官僚制的膨胀导致组织资源的单一化，特别有利于家产帝国扩大支配的社会基础。基于此，家产官僚制有助于我们深入探究帝国治理所折射出的制度化文化。

关键词：韦伯；封建制；家产官僚制；帝国治理；制度化文化

中图分类号：C91-0文献标识码：A文章编号：2095-5103（2020）03-0034-（16）

The Transformation of Imperial Governance： From System of Enfeoffment to Patrimonial Bureaucracy

MO TaiqiMO Tailin

Abstract：From the perspective of administrative bureaucratization， the essential transformation from the feudal system of fiefdom（封建制）to system of prefectures and counties（郡县制）is to replace aristocratic politics with bureaucratic politics. In light of the historical transformation from the feudal system of fiefdom to patrimonial bureaucracy， this article firstly reveals the essential differences between the feudal system of fiefdom and prefectural system in terms of cultural spirit and institutions. And on this basis， this article focuses on the analysis of patrimonial bureaucracy and its corresponding institutional arrangements. The Chinese image presented by Max Weber is an empire system centered on patrimonial bureaucracy. The system highlights administrative security and leads to complicated decentralization and balance in institutional design， which leads to the centralization effect centered on imperial power in the dense system， and inevitably decreased the administrative efficiency of local government. Therefore， Chinese empire is confronted with the paradox of“limited centralization and extensive administration”in dealing with the relationship between the central and local government.And the civil examination institution induced and strengthened the realistic interests of the literati class，thereby reducing their moral self-discipline and expanding the social integration function of the civil examination system. The expansion of patrimonial bureaucracy leads to the singularization of organizational resources，thus contributing to broaden the social foundations of the Chinese empire. In sum，patrimonial bureaucracy helps us to understand the institutionalized culture reflected in the imperial governance.

Key Words：Weber；system of enfeoffment；patrimonial bureaucracy；imperial governance；institutionalized culture

一、問题的提出

费孝通先生曾首倡“从社会结构认识中国”这一结构论视角，并在《乡土中国》《乡土重建》《皇权与神权》等著作中提出了一系列关于“双轨政治”的观点，试图“从政治的角度认清我们乡土的社会结构”[1]。其“双轨政治”假设了古代中国政治是“皇权不下县”，即“中央所派遣的官员到知县为止，不再下去了”[2]。同样，它也假设地方自治团体是一个独立的生活单位而不接受地方政权的吸纳。……