王婷

摘 要 冯桂芬是中国近代历史上向西方学习的代表人物之一。面对清朝末年社会动荡的时局，冯桂芬以中国文化为根基，用开放、务实的态度对待外来文化，将“变法”与“自强”联系起来，提出了“以中国伦常名教为原本，辅以诸国富强之术”的改革主张，其中“采西学”思想独具特色。尽管在封建主义的束缚下，其“采西学”思想有一定的局限，但我们必须承认在近代西学东渐的历史上，冯桂芬是从器物学习到制度学习的先驱人物，起到了承上启下的作用。

关键词 晚清 冯桂芬 采西学 承上启下

Abstract  Feng Guifen was one of the representative figures in the modern history of China who learned from the West. Facing the social unrest in the last years of Qing Dynasty， he took Chinese culture as the foundation， treated foreign cultures with an open and pragmatic attitude， and first linked "reform" with "self-improvement." He put forward the idea of reform， which was based on Chinese traditional culture and supplemented by advanced technology of foreign countries. Among them， the thought of learning from the west was unique. Under the constraint of feudalism， Feng Guifen's thought of learning from the west had certain limitations， but we must admit that in the modern history of introduction of western learning to the east， Feng Guifen was the pioneer from object learning to system learning， and he acted as a connecting link between the preceding and the following.

Keyword late Qing Dynasty; Feng Guifen; learning from the west; connecting link between the preceding and the following

冯桂芬（1809—1874），近代著名思想家。咸丰十年（1860），冯桂芬在上海期间写下了《校邠庐抗议》一书，在书中他提出了独具特色的“采西学”主张，成为洋务思潮的理论基础，对维新派产生重要的启蒙意义。时至今日，冯桂芬及其思想仍有重要的研究价值。本文就冯桂芬的“采西学”思想进行阐释，分析该思想提出的背景、内涵与实践、影响和意义，使人们在深刻了解冯桂芬“采西学”思想的基础上，管窥晚清社会变革中，西方文明对士大夫阶层带来的冲击和异动。

一、“采西学”思想提出的历史背景

晚清中国，“社会的腐败，思想的窒息，文化的空疏，士人的沉寂，预示着旧制度、旧秩序正走向腐朽和灭亡，而这也正是被压抑的文化生命力开始苏醒，孕育新时机的时候”[1]46。正是在这种背景下，冯桂芬积极探索自强之道，力图通过“采西学”的方式，扭转危局。

1.冯桂芬对国内时局的体察。冯桂芬生活的江南地区，赋税沉重。……