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明代夜不收军制度探析

2020-08-06张松梅

兰台世界 2020年7期

张松梅

摘 要 夜不收军是明代侦防体制的重要组成部分,在哨探敌情、传递情报、烧荒、奇袭、劫营等方面发挥了积极作用。明代夜不收军主要分布在北部边防一带,规模不大,主要以千户、百户管理为主。夜不收军的待遇略高于普通军士,但在赏罚规定不太健全,致使部分夜不收军情报失真,或为敌所用,泄漏军事机密,遗患边防。

关键词 明代 夜不收军 边防侦查

Abstract Yebushou army was an important part of the military scouting and defense system in Ming Dynasty. They played an active role in scouting the enemy situation, delivering intelligence, burning grass, launching surprising attacks and seizing camps. Yebushou army was mainly distributed in the northern border with a small scale, mainly managed by Qianhu and Baihu. The treatment of Yebushou army was slightly higher than that of ordinary army, but the reward and punishment system was less sufficient, resulting in intelligence distortion, use by enemy and military secrets leak, which made trouble in border defense.

Keyword Ming Dynasty; Yebushou army; border defense scouting

自古以來,军事侦防都是战争中的一项重要任务,明代也不例外。明代夜不收军名目繁多,有哨报夜不收、爪探夜不收、守哨夜不收、走报夜不收、墩台夜不收、督哨夜不收、传事夜不收、瞭山夜不收、报警夜不收、坐塘夜不收等不同名称[1]卷17,被广泛应用于边境侦察体系中,凡出境侦察、瞭望敌情、传递军情等均为其基本职责,与烽堠、春防、秋防、烧荒、搪报等制度一起构成明代边防侦防体制。

一、夜不收军设置

明代“夜不收”最早出现于宣德三年(1428),主要分布在西、北二边军事重镇。但究其数额,相关典章中并没有明确记载,各地夜不收军的设置没有统一标准,多寡不一。以明代四镇三关地区夜不收数额为例(见表)。

由表中可以看出,山海关一带驻军,夜不收军最高为400名,夜不收军占各营总军的10%左右,占有相当大的比重。

但北部沿边各镇夜不收军数额也存在多寡不一情形,如宣府镇,景泰二年(1451),都督纪广奏“夜不收军二百八十名”[2]卷204;成化十九年(1483),赐宣府各城旧守墩“夜不收官军六千五百三人衣鞋”[3]卷246。正德四年(1509),给宣府各墩堡“夜不收官军一万二千三百四十二名衣鞋银”[4]卷54。……

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