李良红

摘 要 明成祖在辽东开设马市，换取马匹以供军需。明宣宗准许马市进行普通商品贸易。明朝前期，官方购马是马市的主要贸易方式。明中后期，官方易马贸易衰落，民市私人贸易逐渐兴盛。朝廷对马市的管理日渐成熟，设职掌官员，制定入市规则。明朝政府不但承认马市商品交换，而且制定马市货物抽分制度，对进入马市的商品抽取商税银。明朝将抽取的商税银主要用于抚赏辽东“夷人”，以巩固在辽东地区的统治，亦显示中央政府对辽东地区的羁縻怀柔之情。

关键词 明代 辽东马市 管理 抽分 抚赏

Abstract The emperor Ming Chengzu opened a horse market in Liaodong to trade for horses for military supplies. Ming Xuanzong allowed common merchandise trade in the horse market. In the early Ming Dynasty， official purchase of horses was the main way of trade in horse market. In the middle and late period of Ming Dynasty， the official horse trade declined， and private trade gradually flourished. The government gradually improved the management of horse market， appointed officials and formulated the rules for trade. The Ming government not only recognized the exchange of goods in the horse market， but also formulated the goods tax system to collect commercial tax on goods in the horse market. The commercial tax extracted by the Ming government was mainly granted to the "barbarians" in Liaodong to consolidate their rule there， which showed the central government's appeasement for the dwellers in Liaodong.

Keyword Ming Dynasty; Liaodong horse market; management; goods tax; grant

关于明代辽东马市的研究，成果颇多，如田静的《明代辽东的马市贸易》，论述辽东马市产生原因及政治、经济影响，林延清的《明代辽东马市性质的演变》，主要对辽东马市官市衰落和民市兴起进行论述，陈祺的《明代辽东马市及其影响》，是对马市发展历程中不同时期特点和马市对女真族社会经济的影响进行论述。这些成果或是论述马市发展历程，或是论述马市影响，未曾论述朝廷对马市的管理。虽然涉及马市抽分、抚赏等问题，但并未详细论述。因此本文主要论述朝廷对马市的管理、马市商税银的抽分及用項等问题。在辽东马市进行贸易的少数民族主要是女真人。明代的女真人主要分布在“混同江之东，东濒海，西接兀良哈，南邻朝鲜，北至奴儿北海”[1]2610。故文中的辽东主要指明代女真分布的东北地区，即今天的辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等地。……